Medical bacteriology : a practical approach /

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Bibliographic Details
Imprint:	Oxford ; New York : IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1989.
Description:	xix, 321 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Language:	English
Series:	Practical approach series
Subject:	Diagnostic bacteriology -- Laboratory manuals. Bacteriology -- Laboratory manuals Diagnostic bacteriology. Laboratory manuals.
Format:	Print Book
URL for this record:	http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/1042561

Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:	Hawkey, P. M. (Peter M.) Lewis, D. A. (Deirdre A.)
ISBN:	0199630089 : $69.00 (U.S.) 0199630097 (pbk.) : $46.00 (U.S.)
Notes:	Includes bibliographies and index.

Table of Contents:

Protocol List
Abbreviations
Contributors
1. Bacteriology of urine
1. Introduction
2. Specimen collection and transport
2.1. Collection
2.2. Transport
3. Microscopy and other rapid screening methods
3.1. Reagent strips/dipsticks
3.2. Microscopy
3.3. Automated screening methods for urine
4. Interpretation of findings on microscopy
4.1. Leukocytes
4.2. Red cells
4.3. Epithelial cells
4.4. Bacteria
4.5. Casts and crystals
5. Culture
5.1. Choice of media
5.2. Culture methods
5.3. Localization of site of infection
5.4. Culture of urine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6. Interpretation of culture results
6.1. The concept of significant bacteriuria
6.2. Interpretation and reporting of specimens from patients with indwelling catheters and ileal conduits
6.3. Interpretation and reporting of suprapubic aspirate and ureteric catheter specimens
6.4. Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy
7. Identification of bacteria
7.1. Yeasts
7.2. Identification of difficult or 'fastidious' organisms
8. Sensitivity testing
8.1. Choice of first-line and second-line agents for sensitivity testing
8.2. Primary sensitivity testing
8.3. Reporting of sensitivities
9. Further tests
9.1. Detection of antimicrobial substances in urine (51)
References
2. Bacteriology of normally sterile body fluids
1. Introduction
2. Methods for the examination of blood
2.1. Principles of blood culture
2.2. Principles of blood culture methods
2.3. Blood culture methods
2.4. Blood culture diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis
2.5. Alternative methods to broth cultures
3. Methods for the examination of cerebrospinal fluid
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Bacteriological aspects of specimen collection
3.3. Microscopy
3.4. Culture
3.5. Additional tests
3.6. Interpretation of results
3.7. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM)
4. Methods for the examination of peritoneal dialysis effluents
4.1. Definition of CAPD peritonitis
4.2. Sampling PDE
4.3. Interpretation of culture results
4.4. Identification and sensitivity testing
4.5. Culture negative peritonitis
5. Methods for the examination of serous fluids
5.1. Examination of non-purulent serous fluids
References
3. Bacteriology of the respiratory tract
1. Introduction
2. Upper respiratory tract
2.1. The nose
2.2. The nasopharynx
2.3. The throat
2.4. The ear
2.5. The maxillary sinuses
3. Lower respiratory tract (LRT)
3.1. Specimen collection
3.2. Routine microscopy and culture
3.3. Special microscopy and culture
3.4. Non-cultural methods of diagnosis
References
4. Bacteriology of the genital tract
1. Introduction
1.1. Normal vaginal flora
1.2. Changes in normal vaginal flora
1.3. Pathogens associated with specific clinical conditions
2. Collection and transport of specimens
3. Assessment of specimens in the laboratory
3.1. Microscopy
3.2. Detection of antigen in specimens by enzyme immunoassay
4. Culture
4.1. Selective medium for the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae
4.2. Blood agar and blood agar with neomycin
4.3. MacConkey's agar
4.4. Chlamydia transport medium
5. Serological methods
5.1. Serological diagnosis of syphilis
5.2. Serological diagnosis of chlamydial infections
6. Molecular methods
6.1. Chlamydial trachomatis
6.2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
6.3. Treponema pallidum
7. Antibiotic susceptibility testing
7.1. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of N. gonorrhoeae
7.2. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of other pathogens
References
5. Bacteriology of superficial and deep tissue infection
1. Introduction
1.1. Taking good samples
1.2. Transport
2. General methods
2.1. Pus
2.2. Swabs
2.3. Fluids
2.4. Tissue
3. Anaerobic methods
3.1. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
3.2. Culture of anaerobes
3.3. Identification of anaerobes
3.4. Anaerobic sensitivity testing
4. Skin and soft tissue infections
4.1. Pyoderma and cellulitis
4.2. Wound infections
4.3. Gangrene, myositis, and fasciitis
4.4. Burns, varicose ulcers, ischaemic ulcers, pressure sores
4.5. Sinuses
4.6. Fistulae
4.7. Vesicles and bullae
4.8. Suppurative lymphadenitis
4.9. Chronic ulcers
5. Infection associated with the gastrointestinal tract
5.1. Intra-abdominal abscess
5.2. Peritonitis
5.3. Wound infections
5.4. Biliary infections
5.5. Liver abscesses
5.6. Abscesses
6. Gynaecological and post-partum infections
6.1. Post-operative infections
6.2. Tubo-ovarian sepsis
6.3. Infection associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs)
6.4. Post-partum infections
7. Infections of the skeletal system
7.1. Acute osteomyelitis
7.2. Chronic osteomyelitis
8. Joint infections
8.1. Prosthetic joint infections
9. CNS infections
9.1. Cerebral abscess
10. Eye infections
10.1. Acute conjunctivitis
10.2. Endophthalmitis
10.3. Periocular infections
References
6. Bacteriology of intestinal disease
1. Introduction
2. Bacterial enteric pathogens
3. Culture media
3.1. Media for the isolation of salmonellae and shigellae
3.2. Screening identification media for salmonellae and shigellae
3.3. Media for the isolation of Escherichia coli 0157, Yersinia enterocolitica, and other commonly encountered gastrointestinal pathogens
4. Routine specimen processing
4.1. Specimen collection
4.2. Microscopy
4.3. Culture
4.4. Reading the plates
4.5. Serotyping of salmonellae and shigellae
4.6. Biochemical identification
4.7. Sensitivity testing of salmonellae and shigellae
4.8. Reporting to the clinician
5. Specimen processing for organisms other than salmonellae, shigellae, and campylobacters
5.1. Escherichia coli
5.2. Yersinia enterocolitica
5.3. Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus
5.4. Clostridium difficile
5.5. 'Food poisoning' due to Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus
5.6. Helicobacter pylori
References
7. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
1. Introduction
2. Disc diffusion methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
2.1. Factors affecting diffusion tests
2.2. Methods of disc diffusion susceptibility testing
2.3. Selection of agents for routine testing
2.4. Specific problems in testing
2.5. Quality assurance
2.6. Primary susceptibility tests
3. Methods for determining minimum inhibitory concentrations
3.1. Agar dilution
3.2. Broth dilution methods
3.3. Etest
4. Breakpoint methods
5. Serum bactericidal tests and determination of minimum bactericidal concentrations
6. Automated methods
7. Expert systems
8. Clinical relevance and epidemiological outputs
References
8. Antimicrobial assays
1. Introduction
2. Clinical application of antimicrobial assays
2.1. General considerations
2.2. Indications for monitoring
3. Taking specimens for assays
4. Methods of assay
4.1. Characteristics of assay methods: microbiological vs. non-microbiological
5. Microbiological assays
6. Immunoassays
6.1. General principles
6.2. Reagent constitution and storage
6.3. Calibration
6.4. Internal control
6.5. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)
7. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
7.1. General principles and terms
7.2. Characteristics
7.3. Principles of separation--reverse phase
7.4. Equipment
7.5. Sample preparation
7.6. Calibration
7.7. Methods for individual antimicrobials
8. Quality assurance
8.1. Internal controls
8.2. External quality assessment (EQA)
9. Clinical interpretation
References
9. Laboratory computing in medical microbiology
1. Introduction
2. Laboratory computers in microbiology
2.1. Stand-alone systems (Laboratory Information Management Systems--LIMS)
2.2. Systems integrated with other hospital systems (Hospital Information Systems--HIS)
2.3. Feeder systems to electronic patient records (Integrated Laboratory Information Management Systems--ILIMS)
3. Core elements of a microbiology computer system
3.1. Requesting
3.2. Result entry
3.3. Validation, system actions, and authorization
3.4. Returning results to requesters
4. Secondary functions
4.1. Access, security, and audit
4.2. Laboratory management functions
4.3. Data extraction
5. System maintenance and development
6. Procurement of a new system
References
10. Quality control and quality assurance
1. Introduction
2. Personnel
2.1. Recruitment policies and staffing structures
2.2. Training and organization
2.3. Standard operating procedures
2.4. Logistics and organization
2.5. Specimen collection and transport
2.6. Specimen handling and report validation
3. Culture media quality issues
3.1. Storage conditions
3.2. Preparation of culture media
3.3. User problems
4. Maintenance and storage of control organisms
4.1. Long-term storage
4.2. Short-term storage for ready access
5. Equipment monitoring
5.1. Temperature control
5.2. Control of anaerobic cabinets
5.3. pH meter electrodes
5.4. Autoclaves and preparators
5.5. Pipettes
6. Quality control of laboratory tests and reagents
6.1. Chemicals and dyes
6.2. Staining techniques
6.3. Kits and identification systems
6.4. United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UKNEQAS)
6.5. Internal quality control
7. Near patient testing
8. Audit and error logging
9. Conclusions
References
11. Laboratory investigation of health care-associated infection
1. Introduction
1.1. Administration
2. Sample collection
2.1. Surveillance
2.2. Sampling protocols
3. Specimen processing
3.1. Criteria for organism identification
3.2. Use of selective and differential media
4. Bacterial typing systems
4.1. Principles and use of bacterial typing systems
4.2. Biotyping
4.3. Antibiogram and resistogram typing
4.4. Serotyping
4.5. Bacteriophage typing
4.6. Bacteriocin typing
4.7. Molecular typing methods
References
12. Epidemiological methods in the investigation of acute bacterial infections
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts in infectious disease epidemiology
2.1. Reservoir of infection
2.2. Source of infection
2.3. Mode of transmission
2.4. Occurrence
2.5. Incubation period
2.6. Host response
2.7. Analysis and presentation of data
2.8. Communicability
3. Epidemiological methods
3.1. Descriptive methods
4. Analytical methods
4.1. Case-control studies
4.2. Cohort studies
4.3. Statistical analysis of case-control and cohort studies
5. A practical approach to the investigation of an acute incident
5.1. Identification and confirmation of the problem
References
I. Staining procedures
1. Gram's stain (Preston and Morrell's modification)
1.1. Solutions required
1.2. Staining procedure
2. Giemsa stain
2.1. Solutions required
2.2. Staining procedure
3. Stains for acid-fast bacilli
3.1. Auramine phenol
3.2. Ziehl-Neelsen
3.3. Kinyoun's acid-fast stain
4. Stains for metachromatic (volutin) granules
4.1. Loeffler's methylene blue
4.2. Albert's stain, modified
4.3. Neisser's stain
5. Spore stain (Schaeffer and Fulton's method)
5.1. Staining procedure
II. Bacteriological media not usually commercially available
1. Transport media
1.1. Chlamydia transport medium
2. Selective/differential media
2.1. Deoxycholate citrate, crystal violet, cefazolin, rhamnose agar (DCCR)
2.2. Deoxyribonuclease, toluidine blue, cefalothin agar (DTBCA)
2.3. Leeds Acinetobacter medium (LAM)
2.4. MacConkey, inositol, carbenicillin agar (MICA)
2.5. Nalidixic acid, cetrimide agar
2.6. Phenanthroline, C-3911 agar
2.7. Proteeae identification medium
2.8. Salt, phenolphthalein, methicillin agar (SPMA)
2.9. Toluidine blue deoxynucleic acid agar (TDA)
2.10. Vancomycin imipenem agar (VIA)
References
III. Principles of biochemical tests for the identification of bacteria
1. Introduction
1.1. Catalase test
1.2. Citrate test
1.3. Decarboxylase and dehydrolase tests
1.4. Hippurate hydrolysis test
1.5. Hydrogen sulfide test
1.6. Indole test
1.7. Methyl red and Voges-Proskauer test
1.8. Nitrate reduction test
1.9. ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-[beta]-D-galactopyranoside) test
1.10. Oxidase test
1.11. Phenylalanine deaminase test
1.12. Urease test
References
IV. Epidemiological questionnaire
Index

Medical bacteriology : a practical approach /

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