Epidural technique in obstetric anesthesia /
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Author / Creator: | Capogna, Giorgio. |
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Imprint: | Cham : Springer, 2020. |
Description: | 1 online resource (176 p.) |
Language: | English |
Subject: | |
Format: | E-Resource Book |
URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/12605473 |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Contents
- 1: History of Lumbar Epidural Block
- 1.1 Was the Very First a Spinal or an Epidural Anesthesia?
- 1.2 The First Epidural Approach: The Caudal
- 1.3 Lumbar Epidural
- 1.4 Continuous Lumbar Epidural
- 1.5 Modern Epidural Analgesia
- References
- 2: Anatomy of the Lumbar Epidural Region
- 2.1 Vertebral Column
- 2.2 Lumbar Vertebra
- 2.3 Ligamentum Flavum
- 2.4 Interspinous and Supraspinous Ligaments
- 2.5 Muscles
- 2.6 Intervertebral Foramen and Its Ligaments
- 2.7 Epidural Space
- 2.7.1 Epidural Fat
- 2.7.2 Nerve Roots and Nerve Root Cuff
- 2.7.3 Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus, Epidural Arteries, and Lymphatics
- 2.8 Dural Sac
- 2.8.1 Dura Mater
- 2.8.2 Arachnoid Layer
- 2.8.3 Subdural and Intradural Space
- References
- 3: Distribution of a Solution in the Epidural Space
- 3.1 Sites of Action, Dynamics of Nerve Block, and Physicochemical Properties of Local Anesthetics
- 3.2 Local Tissue Distribution
- 3.3 Absorption and Elimination
- 3.4 Spread of a Solution in the Epidural Space
- 3.4.1 Patient Characteristics
- 3.4.1.1 Age
- 3.4.1.2 Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index
- 3.4.1.3 Pregnancy
- 3.4.2 Technical Factors
- 3.4.2.1 Needle Insertion Site, Bevel Orientation and Injection Through Needle or Through Catheter, Needle Bevel Direction, and Catheter Position
- 3.4.2.2 Patient Position
- 3.4.2.3 Epidural Catheter Design
- 3.4.2.4 Mode of Administration of the Solution
- 3.4.2.5 Speed of Injection
- 3.4.3 Epidural Pressure and Adjacent Pressures
- 3.4.4 Composition of the Solution Injected: Dose, Volume, and Concentration-Adjuvant Drugs
- References
- 4: Fundamentals
- 4.1 Epidural Equipment
- 4.1.1 Epidural Needles
- 4.1.2 Epidural Syringes
- 4.1.3 Epidural Devices
- 4.1.4 Epidural Catheters
- 4.1.5 Epidural Filters
- 4.1.6 Connectors
- 4.2 Patient Position
- 4.2.1 Positioning the Patient
- 4.3 Landmarks Identification
- 4.3.1 Manual Palpation
- 4.3.2 Ultrasound Identification
- 4.4 Skin Disinfection
- 4.5 Superficial Tissues' Local Anesthesia
- 4.5.1 Technique
- References
- 5: Epidural Technique
- 5.1 Loss-of-Resistance-to-Saline Technique
- 5.2 False or Pseudo-Loss of Resistance
- 5.3 Bone Contact
- 5.4 Observation and Aspiration of the Needle
- 5.5 Rebound Test and Partially Inserted Bevel of the Needle in the Epidural Space
- 5.6 Loss of Resistance to Air
- 5.7 Techniques Based on Epidural Negative Pressure
- 5.8 Paramedian Approach
- 5.9 Forces Involved During Needle Insertion
- 5.10 Catheter Insertion, Needle Removal, and Catheter Fixation
- 5.11 Catheter Aspiration and Test Dose
- 5.12 Confirmation of Catheter Location in the Epidural Space
- 5.12.1 Epidural Stimulation Test
- 5.12.2 Epidural Pressure Waveform Analysis
- Appendix 1: Epidural Technique in Five Steps