Airplane stability and control : a history of the technologies that made avaition possible /
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| Author / Creator: | Abzug, Malcolm J. |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1997. |
| Description: | xvii, 373 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Cambridge aerospace series 6 |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/2791561 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- 1. Early Developments in Stability and Control
- 1.1. Inherent Stability and the Early Machines
- 1.2. The Problem of Control
- 1.3. Catching Up to the Wright Brothers
- 1.4. The Invention of Flap-Type Control Surfaces and Tabs
- 1.5. Handles, Wheels, and Pedals
- 1.6. Wright Controls
- 1.7. Bleriot and Deperdussin Controls
- 1.8. Stability and Control of World War I Pursuit Airplanes
- 1.9. Contrasting Design Philosophies
- 1.10. Frederick Lanchester
- 1.11. G. H. Bryan and the Equations of Motion
- 1.12. Metacenter, Center of Pressure, Aerodynamic Center, and Neutral Point
- 2. Teachers and Texts
- 2.1. Stability and Control Educators
- 2.2. Modern Stability and Control Teaching Methods
- 2.3. Stability and Control Research Institutions
- 2.4. Stability and Control Textbooks and Conferences
- 3. Flying Qualities Become a Science
- 3.1. Warner, Norton, and Allen
- 3.2. The First Flying Qualities Specification
- 3.3. Hartley Soule and Floyd Thompson at Langley
- 3.4. Robert Gilruth's Breakthrough
- 3.5. S. B. Gates in Britain
- 3.6. The U.S. Military Services Follow NACA's Lead
- 3.7. Civil Airworthiness Requirements
- 3.8. World-Wide Flying Qualities Specifications
- 3.9. Equivalent System Models and Pilot Rating
- 3.10. The Counterrevolution
- 3.11. Procurement Problems
- 3.12. Variable-Stability Airplanes Play a Part
- 3.13. Variable-Stability Airplanes as Trainers
- 3.14. The Future of Variable-Stability Airplanes
- 3.15. The V/STOL Case
- 3.16. Two Famous Airplanes
- 3.17. Changing Military Missions and Flying Qualities Requirements
- 3.18. Long-Lived Stability and Control Myths
- 4. Power Effects on Stability and Control
- 4.1. Propeller Effects on Stability and Control
- 4.2. Direct-Thrust Moments in Pitch
- 4.3. Direct-Thrust Moments in Yaw
- 4.4. World War II Twin-Engine Bombers
- 4.5. Modern Light Twin Airplanes
- 4.6. Propeller Slipstream Effects
- 4.7. Direct Propeller Forces in Yaw (or at Angle of Attack)
- 4.8. Jet and Rocket Effects on Stability and Control
- 4.8.1. Jet Intake Normal Force
- 4.8.2. Airstream Deviation Due to Inflow
- 4.9. Special VTOL Jet Inflow Effects
- 4.9.1. Jet Damping and Inertial Effects
- 5. Managing Control Forces
- 5.1. Desirable Control Force Levels
- 5.2. Background to Aerodynamically Balanced Control Surfaces
- 5.3. Horn Balances
- 5.4. Overhang or Leading-Edge Balances
- 5.5. Frise Ailerons
- 5.6. Aileron Differential
- 5.7. Balancing or Geared Tabs
- 5.8. Trailing-Edge Angle and Beveled Controls
- 5.9. Corded Controls
- 5.10. Spoiler Ailerons
- 5.10.1. Spoiler Opening Aerodynamics
- 5.10.2. Spoiler Steady-State Aerodynamics
- 5.10.3. Spoiler Operating Forces
- 5.10.4. Spoiler Aileron Applications
- 5.11. Internally Balanced Controls
- 5.12. Flying or Servo and Linked Tabs
- 5.13. Spring Tabs
- 5.14. Springy Tabs and Downsprings
- 5.15. All-Movable Controls
- 5.16. Mechanical Control System Design Details
- 5.17. Hydraulic Control Boost
- 5.18. Early Hydraulic Boost Problems
- 5.19. Irreversible Powered Controls
- 5.20. Artificial Feel Systems
- 5.21. Fly-by-Wire
- 5.22. Remaining Design Problems in Power Control Systems
- 5.23. Safety Issues in Fly-by-Wire Control Systems
- 5.24. Managing Redundancy in Fly-by-Wire Control Systems
- 5.25. Electric and Fly-by-Light Controls
- 6. Stability and Control at the Design Stage
- 6.1. Layout Principles
- 6.1.1. Subsonic Airplane Balance
- 6.1.2. Tail Location, Size, and Shape
- 6.2. Estimation from Drawings
- 6.2.1. Early Methods
- 6.2.2. Wing and Tail Methods
- 6.2.3. Bodies
- 6.2.4. Wing-Body Interference
- 6.2.5. Downwash and Sidewash
- 6.2.6. Early Design Methods Matured-DATCOM, RAeS, JSASS Data Sheets
- 6.2.7. Computational Fluid Dynamics
- 6.3. Estimation from Wind-Tunnel Data
- 7. The Jets at an Awkward Age
- 7.1. Needed Devices Are Not Installed
- 7.2. F4D, A4D, and A3D Manual Reversions
- 7.3. Partial Power Control
- 7.4. Nonelectronic Stability Augmentation
- 7.5. Grumman XF10F Jaguar
- 7.6. Successful B-52 Compromises
- 7.6.1. The B-52 Rudder Has Limited Control Authority
- 7.6.2. The B-52 Elevator Also Has Limited Control Authority
- 7.6.3. The B-52 Manually Controlled Ailerons Are Small
- 8. The Discovery of Inertial Coupling
- 8.1. W. H. Phillips Finds an Anomaly
- 8.2. The Phillips Inertial Coupling Technical Note
- 8.3. The First Flight Occurrences
- 8.4. The 1956 Wright Field Conference
- 8.5. Simplifications and Explications
- 8.6. The F4D Skyray Experience
- 8.7. Later Developments
- 8.8. Inertial Coupling and Future General-Aviation Aircraft
- 9. Spinning and Recovery
- 9.1. Spinning Before 1916
- 9.2. Advent of the Free-Spinning Wind Tunnels
- 9.3. Systematic Configuration Variations
- 9.4. Design for Spin Recovery
- 9.5. Changing Spin Recovery Piloting Techniques
- 9.5.1. Automatic Spin Recovery
- 9.6. The Role of Rotary Derivatives in Spins
- 9.7. Rotary Balances and the Steady Spin
- 9.8. Rotary Balances and the Unsteady Spin
- 9.9. Parameter Estimation Methods for Spins
- 9.10. The Case of the Grumman/American AA-1B
- 9.11. The Break with the Past
- 9.12. Effects of Wing Design on Spin Entry and Recovery
- 9.13. Drop and Radio-Controlled Model Testing
- 9.14. Remotely Piloted Spin Model Testing
- 9.15. Criteria for Departure Resistance
- 9.16. Vortex Effects and Self-Induced Wing Rock
- 9.17. Bifurcation Theory
- 9.18. Departures in Modern Fighters
- 10. Tactical Airplane Maneuverability
- 10.1. How Fast Should Fighter Airplanes Roll?
- 10.2. Air-to-Air Missile-Armed Fighters
- 10.3. Control Sensitivity and Overshoots in Rapid Pullups
- 10.3.1. Equivalent System Methods
- 10.3.2. Criteria Based on Equivalent Systems
- 10.3.3. Time Domain-Based Criteria
- 10.4. Rapid Rolls to Steep Turns
- 10.5. Supermaneuverability, High Angles of Attack
- 10.6. Unsteady Aerodynamics in the Supermaneuverability Regime
- 10.6.1. The Transfer Function Model for Unsteady Flow
- 10.7. The Inverse Problem
- 10.8. Thrust-Vector Control for Supermaneuvering
- 10.9. Forebody Controls for Supermaneuvering
- 10.10. Longitudinal Control for Recovery
- 10.11. Concluding Remarks
- 11. High Mach Number Difficulties
- 11.1. A Slow Buildup
- 11.2. The First Dive Pullout Problems
- 11.3. P-47 Dives at Wright Field
- 11.4. P-51 and P-39 Dive Difficulties
- 11.5. Transonic Aerodynamic Testing
- 11.6. Invention of the Sweptback Wing
- 11.7. Sweptback Wings Are Tamed at Low Speeds
- 11.7.1. Wing Leading-Edge Devices
- 11.7.2. Fences and Wing Engine Pylons
- 11.8. Trim Changes Due to Compressibility
- 11.9. Transonic Pitchup
- 11.10. Supersonic Directional Instability
- 11.11. Principal Axis Inclination Instability
- 11.12. High-Altitude Stall Buffet
- 11.13. Supersonic Altitude Stability
- 11.14. Stability and Control of Hypersonic Airplanes
- 12. Naval Aircraft Problems
- 12.1. Standard Carrier Approaches
- 12.2. Aerodynamic and Thrust Considerations
- 12.3. Theoretical Studies
- 12.4. Direct Lift Control
- 12.5. The T-45A Goshawk
- 12.6. The Lockheed S-3A Viking
- 12.7. Concluding Remarks
- 13. Ultralight and Human-Powered Airplanes
- 13.1. Apparent Mass Effects
- 13.2. Commercial and Kit-Built Ultralight Airplanes
- 13.3. The Gossamer and MIT Human-Powered Aircraft
- 13.4. Ultralight Airplane Pitch Stability
- 13.5. Turning Human-Powered Ultralight Airplanes
- 13.6. Concluding Remarks
- 14. Fuel Slosh, Deep Stall, and More
- 14.1. Fuel Shift and Dynamic Fuel Slosh
- 14.2. Deep Stall
- 14.3. Ground Effect
- 14.4. Directional Stability and Control in Ground Rolls
- 14.5. Vee- or Butterfly Tails
- 14.6. Control Surface Buzz
- 14.7. Rudder Lock and Dorsal Fins
- 14.8. Flight Vehicle System Identification from Flight Test
- 14.8.1. Early Attempts at Identification
- 14.8.2. Knob Twisting
- 14.8.3. Modern Identification Methods
- 14.8.4. Extensions to Nonlinearities and Unsteady Flow Regimes
- 14.9. Lifting Body Stability and Control
- 15. Safe Personal Airplanes
- 15.1. The Guggenheim Safe Airplane Competition
- 15.2. Progress after the Guggenheim Competition
- 15.3. Early Safe Personal Airplane Designs
- 15.4. 1948 and 1966 NACA and NASA Test Series
- 15.5. Control Friction and Apparent Spiral Instability
- 15.6. Wing Levelers
- 15.7. The Role of Displays
- 15.8. Inappropriate Stability Augmentation
- 15.9. Unusual Aerodynamic Arrangements
- 15.10. Blind-Flying Demands on Stability and Control
- 15.10.1. Needle, Ball, and Airspeed
- 15.10.2. Artificial Horizon, Directional Gyro, and Autopilots
- 15.11. Single-Pilot IFR Operation
- 15.12. The Prospects for Safe Personal Airplanes
- 16. Stability and Control Issues with Variable Sweep
- 16.1. The First Variable-Sweep Wings - Rotation and Translation
- 16.2. The Rotation-Only Breakthrough
- 16.3. The F-111 Aardvark, or TFX
- 16.4. The F-14 Tomcat
- 16.5. The Rockwell B-1
- 16.6. The Oblique or Skewed Wing
- 16.7. Other Variable-Sweep Projects
- 17. Modern Canard Configurations
- 17.1. Burt Rutan and the Modern Canard Airplane
- 17.2. Canard Configuration Stall Characteristics
- 17.3. Directional Stability and Control of Canard Airplanes
- 17.4. The Penalty of Wing Sweepback on Low Subsonic Airplanes
- 17.5. Canard Airplane Spin Recovery
- 17.6. Other Canard Drawbacks
- 17.7. Pusher Propeller Problems
- 17.8. The Special Case of the Voyager
- 17.9. Modern Canard Tactical Airplanes
- 18. Evolution of the Equations of Motion
- 18.1. Euler and Hamilton
- 18.2. Linearization
- 18.3. Early Numerical Work
- 18.4. Glauert's and Later Nondimensional Forms
- 18.5. Rotary Derivatives
- 18.6. Stability Boundaries
- 18.7. Wind, Body, Stability, and Principal Axes
- 18.8. Laplace Transforms, Frequency Response, and Root Locus
- 18.9. The Modes of Airplane Motion
- 18.9.1. Literal Approximations to the Modes
- 18.10. Time Vector Analysis
- 18.11. Vector, Dyadic, Matrix, and Tensor Forms
- 18.12. Atmospheric Models
- 18.13. Integration Methods and Closed Forms
- 18.14. Steady-State Solutions
- 18.15. Equations of Motion Extension to Suborbital Flight
- 18.15.1. Heading Angular Velocity Correction and Initialization
- 18.16. Suborbital Flight Mechanics
- 18.17. Additional Special Forms of the Equations of Motion
- 19. The Elastic Airplane
- 19.1. Aeroelasticity and Stability and Control
- 19.2. Wing Torsional Divergence
- 19.3. The Semirigid Approach to Wing Torsional Divergence
- 19.4. The Effect of Wing Sweep on Torsional Divergence
- 19.5. Aileron-Reversal Theories
- 19.6. Aileron-Reversal Flight Experiences
- 19.7. Spoiler Ailerons Reduce Wing Twisting in Rolls
- 19.8. Aeroelastic Effects on Static Longitudinal Stability
- 19.9. Stabilizer Twist and Speed Stability
- 19.10. Dihedral Effect of a Flexible Wing
- 19.11. Finite-Element or Panel Methods in Quasi-Static Aeroelasticity
- 19.12. Aeroelastically Corrected Stability Derivatives
- 19.13. Mean and Structural Axes
- 19.14. Normal Mode Analysis
- 19.15. Quasi-Rigid Equations
- 19.16. Control System Coupling with Elastic Modes
- 19.17. Reduced-Order Elastic Airplane Models
- 19.18. Second-Order Elastic Airplane Models
- 19.19. Concluding Remarks
- 20. Stability Augmentation
- 20.1. The Essence of Stability Augmentation
- 20.2. Automatic Pilots in History
- 20.3. The Systems Concept
- 20.4. Frequency Methods of Analysis
- 20.5. Early Experiments in Stability Augmentation
- 20.5.1. The Boeing B-47 Yaw Damper
- 20.5.2. The Northrop YB-49 Yaw Damper
- 20.5.3. The Northrop F-89 Sideslip Stability Augmentor
- 20.6. Root Locus Methods of Analysis
- 20.7. Transfer-Function Numerators
- 20.8. Transfer-Function Dipoles
- 20.9. Command Augmentation Systems
- 20.9.1. Roll-Ratcheting
- 20.10. Superaugmentation, or Augmentation for Unstable Airplanes
- 20.11. Propulsion-Controlled Aircraft
- 20.12. The Advent of Digital Stability Augmentation
- 20.13. Practical Problems with Digital Systems
- 20.14. Tine Domain and Linear Quadratic Optimization
- 20.15. Linear Quadratic Gaussian Controllers
- 20.16. Failed Applications of Optimal Control
- 20.17. Robust Controllers, Adaptive Systems
- 20.18. Robust Controllers, Singular Value Analysis
- 20.19. Decoupled Controls
- 20.20. Integrated Thrust Modulation and Vectoring
- 20.21. Concluding Remarks
- 21. Flying Qualities Research Moves with the Times
- 21.1. Empirical Approaches to Pilot-Induced Oscillations
- 21.2. Compensatory Operation and Model Categories
- 21.3. Crossover Model
- 21.4. Pilot Equalization for the Crossover Model
- 21.5. Algorithmic (Linear Optimal Control) Model
- 21.6. The Crossover Model and Pilot-Induced Oscillations
- 21.7. Gibson Approach
- 21.8. Neal-Smith Approach
- 21.9. Bandwidth-Phase Delay Criteria
- 21.10. Landing Approach and Turn Studies
- 21.11. Implications for Modern Transport Airplanes
- 21.12. Concluding Remarks
- 22. Challenge of Stealth Aerodynamics
- 22.1. Faceted Airframe Issues
- 22.2. Parallel-Line Planform Issues
- 22.3. Shielded Vertical Tails and Leading-Edge Flaps
- 22.4. Fighters Without Vertical Tails
- 23. Very Large Aircraft
- 23.1. The Effect of Higher Wing Loadings
- 23.2. The Effect of Folding Wings
- 23.3. Altitude Response During Landing Approach
- 23.4. Longitudinal Dynamics
- 23.5. Roll Response of Large Airplanes
- 23.6. Large Airplanes with Reduced-Static Longitudinal Stability
- 23.7. Large Supersonic Airplanes
- 23.8. Concluding Remarks
- 24. Work Still to Be Done
- Short Biographies of Some Stability and Control Figures
- References and Core Bibliography
- Index
