Fundamentals of neural network modeling : neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience /

Fundamentals of neural network modeling : neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience /

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Bibliographic Details
Imprint:Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1998.
Description:xiii, 428 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.
Language:English
Series:Computational neuroscience
Subject:
Neural networks (Neurobiology)
Neuropsychology.
Neuropsychiatry.
Cognitive neuroscience.
Neuropsychology.
Neural Networks (Computer)
Models, Neurological.
Cognition.
Dementia.
Cognitive neuroscience.
Neural networks (Neurobiology)
Neuropsychiatry.
Neuropsychology.
Format: Print Book
URL for this record:http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/3560217
Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:Parks, Randolph W.
Levine, Daniel S.
Long, Debra L.
ISBN:0262161753
Notes:"A Bradford book."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Also available on the Internet.
Table of Contents:
  • Contents
  • Series Foreword
  • Preface
  • Contributors
  • I. Introduction to Neural Networks
  • 1. An Introduction to Neural Network Modeling: Merits, Limitations, and Controversies
  • An Alternative to Traditional Symbol-Processing Models
  • Backpropagation Networks1
  • Artificial Neural Networks: Computer Architecture at the Cellular Level
  • Parallel Distributed Processing
  • Backpropagation with a Complex Human Neuropsychological Test
  • Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART)
  • Current Debates in Neural Network Modeling
  • The Need for Symbolic Representations and Rules
  • The Nature of Neural Network Simulations
  • Modular vs. Interactive Architectures
  • Current Limitations of Neural Network Models
  • The Problem of Internal Structure
  • The Problem of Biological Plausibility
  • The Problem of Catastrophic Interference
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
  • 2. Functional Cognitive Networks in Primates
  • Building Blocks of the Nervous System
  • Neurons and Neurotransmitter Systems
  • Vertebrate Brain Organization
  • The Role of the Cortex in Information Processing
  • Primate Cortical Sensory, Perceptual, and Memory Systems
  • Visual System
  • Auditory System
  • Somatosensory System
  • The Frontal Lobe and Attention and Active Memory Systems
  • Development of Monkey Tasks for Attention and Active Memory
  • Tasks to Distinguish Active Memory and Retentive Memory
  • Relation Between Processing Capabilities and Energy Requirements
  • Development of Information-Processing Capacity
  • Future Primate Models for Neuropsychology and Neural Networks
  • References
  • 3. Attention and Neural Networks
  • Overview
  • Attentional System
  • Orienting Network
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Superior Colliculus
  • Amplification
  • Executive Network
  • Generate Uses Task
  • Circuitry
  • Stroop Test
  • Vigilance Network
  • Interaction of the Networks
  • Alerting and Orienting
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cognitive Control
  • References
  • 4. A Neural Network Model of Memory, Amnesia, and Cortico-Hippocampal Interactions
  • Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia
  • Hippocampus: Link-Operator Store and Multirange Buffer
  • A Unitary Mechanism Supporting Working and Long-Term Memory Consolidation
  • Hippocampus as a Temporal Processor
  • Hippocampus in Learning and Long-Term Memory Consolidation
  • Anterograde Amnesia
  • Declarative and Procedural Memory
  • Retrograde Amnesia
  • Intermediate Memory Supporting an Automatic Working Memory Component
  • Psychological Arguments for an Automatic Working Memory Component
  • Working Memory as a Cortical System
  • Working Memory as a Hippocampal System
  • Neuropsychological Arguments
  • Rehearsal Allowed
  • Rehearsal Prevented
  • Bilateral Lesions of Hs
  • Partial Lesion of Hs
  • Brain Imaging
  • Electrical Brain Imaging
  • Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Human Vs. Animal Working Memory
  • Functional Model of Hippocampo-Cortical Relations
  • Mathematical Model
  • Temporal Order Network
  • Temporal Order as a Spatially Distributed Amplitude Gradient
  • TOM Architecture and Simulation
  • Timing
  • Timing and Classical Conditioning
  • Timing, Temporal Conditioning, and Cognitive-Motor Processes
  • Spectral Timing Network: Design Principles
  • System's Architecture and Simulations
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • II. Behavioral States
  • 5. A Computational Model of Alcohol Dependence: Simulation of Genetic Differences in Alcohol Preference and of Therepeutic Strategies
  • Method
  • Model Development
  • Overall Strategy for the Model
  • Training Procedure and Post-Training Assessment
  • Test Conditions
  • Changes in Bias Units
  • Changes in Self-Recurrent Weights
  • Therapeutic Conditions
  • Experiment One: "Normal" Desire to Drink
  • Experiment Two: "Abnormal" Desire to Drink
  • Experiment Three. Genetic Vulnerability
  • Experiment Four: Therapeutic Modalities
  • Results
  • Experiment One: "Normal" Levels of Desire to Drink
  • Experiment Two: "Abnormal" Levels of Desire to Drink
  • Experiment Three: Genetic Vulnerability
  • Experiment Four: Therapeutic Modalities
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • 6. A Computational Perspective on Learned Helplessness and Depression
  • Types of Helplessness
  • Samson: Mastery vs. Control
  • Norepinephrine and the Loss of Internal Control Without Explanation: Dopamine
  • A Model of Samson's "Mastery" Type
  • Affect-Driven Helplessness: GABA
  • Perseveration, Automaticity, and Norepinephrine-Mediated Depression
  • A Cognitive Systems Interpretation of Depression
  • Appendix: Building A Model of Learned Helplessness--In Steps
  • Step 1. The American Psychological Society "Model in Principle
  • Step 2. The World Congress on Neural Networks '95 Model
  • Step 3. Washington Evolutionary Systems Society '95
  • Step 4. Ongoing Work
  • Notes
  • References
  • 7. Waking and Sleeping States
  • Experimental Considerations
  • General Features
  • Cognitive Properties
  • Neurophysiological Data
  • Sleep and Neuropsychiatric Illness
  • Computational Models
  • Overview
  • Brainstem and Thalamic Models
  • Distributed and Cortical Network Models
  • State-Dependent Sequencing and Modulation
  • General Considerations
  • Assumptions in Modeling
  • Neural Network Model
  • Simulation results and Learning
  • Simulation Results
  • Learning
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Note
  • References
  • Appendix
  • III. Neuropsychological Tests and Clinical Syndromes
  • 8. Stroop Task, Language, and Neuromodulation: Models of Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia\cDavid Servan-Schreiber
  • Disturbances in the Processing of Context
  • The Stroop Task
  • The Continuous Performance Test
  • Schizophrenic Language Deficits
  • Prefrontal Cortex, Context, and Dopamine
  • Neuromodulatory Effects of Dopamine
  • Prefrontal Cortex and Dopamine in Schizophrenia
  • Summary
  • Simulation of the Physiological Effects of Dopamine
  • Simulation of the Stroop Effect
  • Simulation of the Continuous Performance Test
  • Simulation of Context-Dependent Lexical Disambiguation
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • 9. Neural Network Modeling of Executive Functioning with the Tower of Hanoi Test in Frontal Lobe-Lesioned Patientcs
  • Clinical Neuropsychological Data
  • Strategies to Solve the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle
  • Encoding the Moves
  • Selecting the Training Set
  • Training the Neural Network
  • The Effects of Learning
  • Testing the Neural Network
  • Degradation of the Neural Network
  • Summary
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 10. Neuronal Network Models of Acalculia and Prefrontal Deficits
  • Neuronal Models of Cognitive Functions
  • A Network of Areas for Number Processing
  • A Neuronal Model for the Detection and Internal Representation of Numerical Quantities
  • Conditioning to Numerosity
  • Learning to Order Numerosity Detectors
  • A Hierarchy of Networks for Exact Calculation
  • The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Prefrontal Cortex, and Fast Rule Switching
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 11. Neuropsychological Assessment of Attention and Its Disorders: Computational Models for Neglect, Extinction, and Sustained Attention
  • Computational Models
  • Study 1. Normal Attentional Processes
  • Method
  • Results
  • Study 2. Simulation of Hemineglect
  • Method
  • Results
  • Study 3. Simulation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Method
  • Results
  • Study 4. Simulation of Line Bisection and Letter Cancellation
  • Method
  • Results
  • Study 5. Simulation of Extinction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • 12. The Neural Basis of Lexical Retrieval
  • Retrieval of Words for Nonunioue Concrete Entities
  • Background
  • New Lesion Studies
  • Subjects
  • Brain-Damaged Subjects
  • Control Subjects
  • Stimuli
  • Procedure
  • Neuropsychological
  • Neuroanatomical Methods
  • Results Concerning Hypothesis No. 1
  • Neuropsychological Findings
  • Neuroanatomical Findings
  • Results for hypothesis No. 2
  • Neuropsychological Findings
  • Neuroanatomical Findings
  • Functional Imaging (PET) Studies
  • Conclusions
  • Retrieval of Words for Unique Concrete Entities
  • Background
  • New Lesion Studies
  • Subjects
  • Method
  • Data Quantification
  • Neuropsychological Results
  • Neuroanatomical Results
  • Functional Imaging (PET) Studies
  • Conclusions
  • Retrieval of Words for Actions
  • Background
  • New Lesion Studies
  • Subjects
  • Experimental Task
  • Scoring and Data Quantification
  • Results
  • Functional Imaging (PET) Studies
  • Conclusions
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • IV. Applications in Dementia
  • 13. A Model of Human Memory Based on the Cellular Physiology of the Hippocampal Formation
  • Simple Overview of Neural Networks
  • Associative Memory Function
  • Self-Organization
  • A Hippocampal Model of Free Recall and Cued Recall
  • Local Networks of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells and Interneurons
  • Contrast with Connectionist Models
  • Connectivity Between Different Hippocampal Subregions
  • Dynamics of Individual Subregions
  • Rapid Sequential Self-Organization in Dentate
  • Autoassociative Function of Recurrent Collaterals in CA3
  • Rapid Sequential Self-Organization in Region CA1
  • Heteroassociative Function of Schaffer Collaterals to CA1
  • Heteroassociative Feedback from Region CA1 to the Entorhinal
  • Feedback Regulation of Cholinergic Modulation from the Medial
  • Modification of Synapses
  • Feedback Regulation of Cholinergic Modulation
  • Memory Function in the Model
  • Modeling Cued Recall in a Spiking Model of Hippocampal Function
  • Linking Episodic Memory Function to Physiological Data on Electroencephalographic and Single-Unit Re...
  • Modeling Paired Associate Learning in a Continuous Firing Rate Model
  • Modeling Free Recall in a Continuous Firing Rate Model
  • Modeling the Effects of Scopolamine and Diazepam on Free Recall
  • A Breakdown In Network Function and Alzheimers Disease Neuropathology
  • Role of Acetylcholine in Neocortical Function
  • Summary and Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 14. Neural Network Modeling of Basal Ganglia Function in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders
  • Motor Networks
  • Motor Control
  • Pharmacologic Mechanisms
  • Motor Maps
  • Motor Learning
  • Cognitive Networks
  • Spatial Attention
  • Limbic Networks
  • Contingency-based Learning
  • Neuropsychiatric Disorders
  • Depression in Parkinson's Disease
  • Future Directions
  • References
  • 15. Neural Network Modeling of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Verbal Fluency Tests: Applications with Frontal Lobe-Damaged and Alzheimer's Disease Patients
  • Theoretical Modeling of Frontal Lobe Function
  • Neural Network Principles
  • The Wisconsin Card Sorting Model
  • Dorsal VS. Orbital Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Function
  • Modeling Verbal Fluency
  • Modeling Effects of Alzheimers Disease with Verbal Fluency
  • Neurobiological and Neuroanatomical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease
  • Computer Program Parameters for Verbal Fluency in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Neuropsychological Implications
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 16. Semantic Network Abnormalities in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • The Semantic network in Patients with alzheimers Disease
  • Deterioration of the Semantic Network of Alzheimer's Disease Patients Over Time
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 17. Parallel Distributed Processing Models in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Naming Impairments in Alzheimers Disease: Semantic, Visual, or Lexical Locus of Damage?
  • The Model
  • Simulations of Naming Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Preservation of Categorical Knowledge in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Simulations of Preserved Category Knowledge in Alzheimer's Disease
  • Implications for Clinical Neuropsychology
  • Where to from Here?
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Index
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