The benthic boundary layer : transport processes and biogeochemistry /

The benthic boundary layer : transport processes and biogeochemistry /

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Bibliographic Details
Imprint:Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, c2001.
Description:xii, 404 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 25 cm.
Language:English
Subject:
Ocean bottom.
Benthos.
Sediment transport.
Biogeochemistry.
Benthos.
Biogeochemistry.
Ocean bottom.
Sediment transport.
Format: Print Book
URL for this record:http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/4472892
Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:Boudreau, Bernard P. (Bernard Paul), 1953-
Jørgensen, Bo Barker.
ISBN:0195118812 (cloth)
Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of Contents:
  • Contributors
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Physics of Flow Above the Sediment-Water Interface
  • 2.1. Elements of Benthic Boundary Layers
  • 2.1.1. Structure
  • 2.1.2. Energy Cascade and Coherent Motions
  • 2.2. A Historical Perspective
  • 2.3. Benthic Boundary Layer Hydrodynamics
  • 2.3.1. Governing Equations
  • 2.3.2. The Logarithmic Layer and Coriolis Deflection
  • 2.3.3. Structure of the Constant Stress Layer
  • 2.4. A Hierarchy of Hydrodynamic Models
  • 2.4.1. Local Closure
  • 2.4.2. Eddy Viscosity Formulas
  • 2.4.3. Nonlocal Closure Schemes
  • 2.4.4. A Model for Discrete Turbulent Elements Near the Bed
  • 2.5. Boundary Conditions
  • 2.5.1. The Brinkman Layer and the No-Slip Condition
  • 2.5.2. Roughness
  • 2.5.3. BBL Development, Spatial Averaging of Roughness, and Flow Separation
  • 2.5.4. Local Effects of Roughness and Bed Mobility
  • 2.6. Biological Effects
  • 2.7. Benthic Boundary Layer Stratification
  • 2.8. Topographic Effects
  • 2.9. Turbulent Wave-Current Boundary Layers
  • 2.10. Estimating Bed Shear Stress
  • 2.10.1. Quadratic Drag Laws
  • 2.10.2. Semi-logarithmic Velocity Gradient
  • 2.10.3. Near-Bed Reynolds Stress and TKE
  • 2.10.4. TKE Dissipation Rate in the Inertial Subrange
  • 2.11. Prospects
  • 3. Fine-Scale Flow Measurements in the Benthic Boundary Layer
  • 3.1. Thermal Anemometry Technique
  • 3.1.1. Sensor Design
  • 3.1.2. Heat Transfer Correlations
  • 3.1.3. The Anemometer Circuit
  • 3.1.4. Calibration of Hot-Film Probes
  • 3.1.5. Problems Associated with Hot-Film Measurements in Water
  • 3.1.6. Hot-Film Measurements in a Boundary Layer
  • 3.1.7. Examples of Thermal Anemometry in BBL Research
  • 3.2. Laser Anemometry
  • 3.2.1. Laser Doppler Anemometry
  • 3.2.2. Examples of LDA Applications
  • 3.2.3. Particle Image Velocimetry
  • 3.2.4. Examples of PIV Applications
  • 3.3. Positron Emission Tomography and Flow in Sediments
  • 3.3.1. Setup and Basic Principles of PET
  • 3.3.2. Examples and Limitations of PET
  • 3.4. Acoustic Devices for Large-Scale Measurements
  • 3.5. Flumes as Experimental Tools for BBL Research
  • 3.5.1. Characterization of Open Channel Flow
  • 3.5.2. Practical Considerations around Flume Experiments
  • 3.5.3. Flow Generation in Flumes
  • 3.5.4. Flume Designs for Special Purposes
  • 3.5.5. Examples of BBL Studies Using Flumes
  • 4. Suspended Particle Transport in Benthic Boundary Layers
  • 4.1. Sinking Speed
  • 4.2. Eddy Viscosity and Diffusivity
  • 4.3. Boundary Conditions
  • 4.3.1. Concentration Bottom Boundary Condition
  • 4.3.2. Flux Bottom Boundary Condition
  • 4.3.3. Bottom Boundary Condition for Nonzero E[subscript s](0[superscript +],t)
  • 4.3.4. Models with Nonlocal Injection from the Bed
  • 4.3.5. Effect of Nonlocal Injection on Estimates of [gamma subscript 0]
  • 4.3.6. Summary of Bottom Boundary Conditions
  • 4.4. Conclusions
  • 5. Solute Transport Above the Sediment-Water Interface
  • 5.1. Solute Transport Near a Flat Solid Surface
  • 5.1.1. Classical Eddy Diffusion Theory
  • 5.1.2. Periodic Boundary Layer Models
  • 5.1.3. Higher Order Closure Models
  • 5.2. Mass Transfer with a Porous Interface
  • 5.2.1. Effects of Porosity and Permeability
  • 5.2.2. Effects of Surface Roughness
  • 5.2.3. Unequal or Changing Reactivity of the Sediment Surface
  • 5.3. Mass Transfer in the BBL with Reaction
  • 5.3.1. Influence of the Time Scale of Reaction
  • 5.3.2. Turbulence and Nonlinear Reactions
  • 5.4. Summary and Some Directions for Future Work
  • 6. The Fine Structure and Properties of the Sediment Surface
  • 6.1. Integrated Studies
  • 6.2. Visualization of the Sediment-Water Interface
  • 6.3. Towards a Correlative Approach
  • 6.4. Fine-Scale Properties of the Sediment Surface
  • 6.5. Temporal Variability in Sediment Properties
  • 6.6. Optical Properties
  • 6.7. Conclusions
  • 7. Porewater Flow in Permeable Sediments
  • 7.1. Introduction to Advective Transport
  • 7.1.1. Molecular Diffusion Versus Advection
  • 7.1.2. The Physics of Porewater Transport and Darcy's Law
  • 7.1.3. Advective Transport in the Marine Environment
  • 7.2. Mechanisms of Advective Transport
  • 7.2.1. Current-Induced Advective Transport
  • 7.2.2. Wave-Induced Advection in Sediments
  • 7.2.3. Density-Driven Convection
  • 7.3. Consequences of Advective Transport
  • 7.3.1. Spatial and Temporal Zonation Due to Advection
  • 7.3.2. The Impact of Advective Flows on Sediment Geochemistry
  • 7.3.3. Consequences to the Natural Environment
  • 7.4. Summary and Suggestions for Future Research
  • 8. Biogeochemical Microsensors for Boundary Layer Studies
  • 8.1. Electrochemical Microsensors
  • 8.1.1. Reference Electrodes
  • 8.1.2. Ag/Ag+ Half-Cell Microelectrodes
  • 8.1.3. Ion-Exchange-Based Microsensors
  • 8.1.4. Simple Microsensors with Continuous or No Polarization
  • 8.1.5. Gas Microsensors with Ion-Impermeable Membranes
  • 8.1.6. Instrumentation for Electrochemical Microsensors
  • 8.2. Optical Microsensors
  • 8.2.1. Field Radiance Microprobes
  • 8.2.2. Irradiance and Scalar Irradiance Microprobes
  • 8.2.3. Microprobes for Fluorescence and Surface Detection
  • 8.2.4. Fiber-Optic Microsensors: Micro-opt(r)odes
  • 8.2.5. Instrumentation for Fiber-Optic Microsensors
  • 8.3. Microbiosensors
  • 8.3.1. Methane Microbiosensor
  • 8.3.2. Nitrate Microbiosensor
  • 8.4. Microsensors for Diffusivity and Water Velocities
  • 8.4.1. Diffusivity Microsensor
  • 8.4.2. Flow Microsensor
  • 8.5. Physical Disturbance Caused by Sensor Insertion
  • 8.6. Summary and Some Directions for Future Work
  • 9. Diagenesis and Sediment-Water Exchange
  • 9.1. Biogeochemical Processes and BBL Interactions
  • 9.1.1. Processes with Direct BBL Interaction: Oxygen Uptake
  • 9.1.2. Processes with Indirect BBL Interaction: Denitrification
  • 9.1.3. Processes with Reaction in the BBL: Manganese and Iron Cycling
  • 9.1.4. Processes Independent of the BBL
  • 9.2. Quantiative Modelling of Solute Profiles and Fluxes
  • 9.2.1. Overview of Diagenetic Models
  • 9.2.2. Dissolution or Precipitation of a Solid
  • 9.2.3. Oxygen Uptake in Sediments
  • 9.2.4. Transport with Reaction in Sediments and the DBL
  • 9.3. Modeling the Solids Exchange
  • 9.4. Parting Thoughts
  • 10. In Situ Sampling in the Benthic boundary Layer
  • 10.1. Methodologies
  • 10.1.1. Particle Transport Measurements
  • 10.1.2. Solute Flux Measurements
  • 10.1.3. Deployment Platforms and Vehicles
  • 10.2. Limitations
  • 10.2.1. Problems of Spatial Scale and Temporal Variability
  • 10.2.2. Instrument Effects
  • 10.3. Examples of Emerging Experimental Strategies
  • 10.3.1. An Unresolved Shallow-Water Question
  • 10.3.2. A Deep-Sea Example: BIOPROBE
  • 10.4. Concluding Remarks
  • 11. Transport and Reactions in the Bioirrigated Zone
  • 11.1. Average Transport Properties in the Bioirrigated Zone
  • 11.2. Excavation, Irrigation, and Sediment Fluidization
  • 11.3. Biogenic Turbulent Diffusion Analogy
  • 11.4. Biogenic Advection
  • 11.5. Apparent Source-Sink or Nonlocal Exchange Models
  • 11.6. Diagenetic Reaction Distributions in the Bioirrigated Zone
  • 11.7. Average-Microenvironment-Analog Transport Models
  • 11.8. Interactions Between Solute Transport and Reaction Kinetics
  • 11.9. Biogenic Sediment Fabric and Microscale Transport
  • 11.10. Structure and Biogeochemistry of the Bioturbated Zone
  • 11.11. Summary and Conclusions
  • 12. Constraining Organic Matter Cycling with Benthic Fluxes
  • 12.1. Seafloor Solute Exchange Mechanisms and Rates
  • 12.2. Biogeochemical Cycling on the Continental Shelf
  • 12.3. Biogeochemical Cycling on the Continental Slope
  • 12.4. Biogeochemical Cycling on the Abyssal Seafloor
  • 13. Macroscopic Animals and Plants in Benthic Flows
  • 13.1. Flow Modification of Sensory Fields
  • 13.1.1. Chemosensing
  • 13.1.2. Other Sensory Cues
  • 13.2. Flow Effects on Momentum and Mass Transfer
  • 13.2.1. Mass and Momentum Transfer to and from Macrophytes
  • 13.2.2. Momentum and Mass Transfer in Other Benthic Settings
  • 13.3. Benthic Populations and Larval Dynamics
  • 13.3.1. Spawning and Fertilization
  • 13.3.2. Dispersal
  • 13.3.3. Settlement and Recruitment
  • 13.3.4. Settlement Probability
  • 13.4. Conclusions
  • 14. Life in the Diffusive Boundary Layer
  • 14.1. A Viscous World
  • 14.1.1. Moving at Low Reynolds Numbers
  • 14.2. Transport by Diffusion
  • 14.2.1. Solute Transport to Moving Particles
  • 14.2.2. Diffusion Field Around Particles
  • 14.3. The Benthic Diffusive Boundary Layer
  • 14.3.1. DBL Visualization by Microelectrodes
  • 14.3.2. DBL Dynamics
  • 14.3.3. Surface Roughness
  • 14.3.4. Microelectrode Interference with the DBL
  • 14.3.5. Diffusive Boundary Layer Thickness
  • 14.4. Overcoming the Diffusion Limitation
  • 14.4.1. Gradient Sulfur Bacteria
  • 15. Interfacial Microbial Mats and Biofilms
  • 15.1. Structure and Composition of Biofilms and Mats
  • 15.1.1. Techniques for Structural Analysis
  • 15.1.2. Staining of Structural Components
  • 15.1.3. Case Study of a Model Biofilm
  • 15.2. Function of Biofilms and Microbial Mats
  • 15.2.1. Role of Boundary Layers
  • 15.2.2. Diminution of Mass-Transfer Resistance
  • 15.2.3. Measurements in a Model Biofilm
  • 15.2.4. Diffusional Mass Transfer in Biofilms and Mats
  • 15.3. New Approaches to Mass Transfer in Biofilms and Mats
  • List of Common Symbols
  • Index
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