The atmosphere : an introduction to meteorology /
Saved in:
| Author / Creator: | Lutgens, Frederick K. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 8th ed. |
| Imprint: | Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, c2001. |
| Description: | xii, 484 p. : col. ill. ; 26 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/4746708 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Introduction to the Atmosphere
- Weather and Climate
- Atmospheric Hazards: Assault by the Elements
- The Atmosphere: A Part of the Earth System
- Earth's Four Spheres
- Earth's Spheres Interact
- The Carbon Cycle
- Composition of the Atmosphere
- Major Components
- Carbon Dioxide
- Variable Components
- Ozone Depletion--A Global Issue
- The Ozone Hole
- Effects of Ozone Depletion
- Montreal Protocol
- Probing the Atmosphere
- Height and Structure of the Atmosphere
- Pressure Changes
- Temperature Changes
- Vertical Variations in Composition
- The Ionosphere
- Chapter 2. Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere
- Earth-Sun Relationships
- Earth's Motions
- The Seasons
- Earth's Orientation
- Solstices and Equinoxes
- Energy, Heat, and Temperature
- Types of Energy
- Heat Energy Versus Temperature
- Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Laws of Radiation
- The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation
- Reflection and Scattering
- Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere
- Radiation Emitted by Earth
- Heating the Atmosphere
- The "Greenhouse Effect"
- Role of Clouds in Heating Earth
- Heat Budget
- Latitudinal Heat Balance
- Chapter 3. Temperature
- For the Record: Air Temperature Data
- Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature
- Land and Water
- Ocean Currents
- Altitude
- Geographic Position
- Cloud Cover and Albedo
- World Distribution of Temperatures
- Cycles of Air Temperature
- Daily Temperature Variations
- Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes
- Annual Temperature Variations
- Temperature Measurement
- Mechanical Thermometers
- Electrical Thermometers
- Instrument Shelters
- Temperature Scales
- Applications of Temperature Data
- Heating Degree-Days
- Cooling Degree-Days
- Growing Degree-Days
- Temperature and Comfort
- Chapter 4. Moisture and Atmospheric Stability
- Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere
- Water's Changes of State
- Water in the Atmosphere
- Vapor Pressure and Saturation
- Relative Humidity
- How Relative Humidity Changes
- Natural Change in Relative Humidity
- Dew Point Temperature
- Humidity Measurement
- Adiabatic Temperature Changes
- Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation
- Lifting Processes
- Orographic Lifting
- Frontal Wedging
- Convergence
- Localized Convective Lifting
- The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability
- Types of Stability
- Stability and Daily Weather
- How Stability Changes
- Temperature Changes and Stability
- Vertical Air Movement and Stability
- Chapter 5. Forms of Condensation and Precipitation
- Condensation
- Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation
- Clouds
- Cloud Classification
- Cloud Descriptions
- Fog
- Fogs Formed by Cooling
- Fogs Formed by Evaporation
- Dew and Frost
- How Precipitation Forms
- Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process
- Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process
- Forms of Precipitation
- Rain
- Snow
- Sleet and Glaze
- Hail
- Rime
- Precipitation Measurement
- Standard Instruments
- Measuring Snowfall
- Measurement Errors
- Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar
- Intentional Weather Modification
- Cloud Seeding
- Fog and Cloud Dispersal
- Hail Suppression
- Frost Prevention
- Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation
- Chapter 6. Air Pressure and Winds
- Understanding Air Pressure
- Measuring Air Pressure
- Factors Affecting Air Pressure
- Pressure Changes With Altitude
- Factors Affecting Wind
- Pressure-Gradient Force
- Coriolis Force
- Friction
- Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow
- Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind
- Surface Winds
- How Winds Generate Vertical Air Motion
- Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones
- Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow
- Wind Measurement
- Chapter 7. Circulation of the Atmosphere
- Scales of Atmospheric Motion
- Large- and Small-Scale Circulation
- Structure of Wind Patterns
- Local Winds
- Land and Sea Breezes
- Mountain and Valley Breezes
- Chinook (Foehn) Winds
- Katabatic (Fall) Winds
- Country Breeze
- Global Circulation
- Single-Cell Circulation Model
- Three-Cell Circulation Model
- Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds
- Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts
- Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World
- Monsoons
- The Asian Monsoon
- The North American Monsoon
- The Westerlies
- Why Westerlies?
- Jet Streams
- Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream
- Subtropical Jet Stream
- Waves in the Westerlies
- Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget
- Global Winds and Ocean Currents
- The Importance of Ocean Currents
- Ocean Currents and Upwelling
- El Nino and La Nina
- Global Distribution of Precipitation
- Zonal Distribution of Precipitation
- Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents
- Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent
- Chapter 8. Air Masses
- What Is an Air Mass?
- Source Regions
- Classifying Air Masses
- Air-Mass Modification
- Properties of North American Air Masses
- Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Aretic (cA) Air Masses
- Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water
- Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses
- Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses
- Continental Tropical (cT) Air Masses
- Chapter 9. Weather Patterns
- Polar-Front Theory
- Fronts
- Warm Fronts
- Cold Fronts
- Stationary Fronts
- Occluded Fronts
- Drylines
- Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone
- Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses
- Development of Cyclonic Flow
- Occlusion: The Beginning of the End
- Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone
- Cyclogenesis
- Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation
- Divergence and Convergence Aloft
- Traveling Cyclones
- Patterns of Movement
- Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs
- Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone
- Violent Spring Weather
- Weather in Peoria
- Chapter 10. Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
- What's in a Name?
- Thunderstorms
- Air-Mass Thunderstorms
- Stages of Development
- Occurrence
- Severe Thunderstorms
- Supercell Thunderstorms
- Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes
- Lightning and Thunder
- What Causes Lightning?
- The Lightning Stroke
- Thunder
- Tornadoes
- The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes
- Tornado Development
- Tornado Climatology
- Profile of a Tornado
- Tornado Destruction
- Tornado Forecasting
- Tornado Watches and Warnings
- Doppler Radar
- Chapter 11. Hurricanes
- Profile of a Hurricane
- Hurricane Formation and Decay
- Hurricane Formation
- Hurricane Decay
- Hurricane Destruction
- Storm Surge
- Wind Damage
- Inland Flooding
- Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes
- The Role of Satellites
- Aircraft Reconnaissance
- Radar and Data Buoys
- Hurricane Watches and Warnings
- Chapter 12. Weather Analysis and Forecasting
- The Weather Business: A Brief Overview
- Weather Analysis
- Gathering Data
- Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere
- Weather Forecasting
- Synoptic Weather Forecasting
- Numerical Weather Prediction
- Statistical Methods
- Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting
- Long-Range Forecasts
- Forecast Accuracy
- Tools in Weather Forecasting
- Satellites in Weather Forecasting
- What Weather Satellites Reveal
- Measurement by Satellite
- Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow
- The Winter of 1977
- Chapter 13. Air Pollution
- A Brief Historical Perspective
- Air Pollution: Not a New Problem
- Some Historic Episodes
- Sources and Types of Air Pollution
- Primary Pollutants
- Secondary Pollutants
- Trends in Air Quality
- Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution
- Wind as a Factor
- The Role of Atmospheric Stability
- Acid Precipitation
- Extent and Potency of Acid Precipitation
- Effects of Acid Precipitation
- Chapter 14. The Changing Climate
- The Climate System
- Is Our Climate Changing?
- How Do We Detect Climate Change?
- Evidence from Sea-Floor Sediment
- Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Analysis
- Evidence from Other Sources
- Natural Causes of Climate Change
- Plate Tectonics and Climate Change
- Volcanic Activity and Climate Change
- Orbital Variations
- Solar Variability and Climate
- Human Impact on Global Climate
- Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases, and Climate Change
- How Do Aerosols Influence Climate?
- Climate-Feedback Mechanisms
- Some Possible Consequences of a Greenhouse Warming
- Water Resources and Agriculture
- Sea-Level Rise
- New Weather Patterns
- Chapter 15. World Climates
- Climate Classification
- Climate Controls: A Summary
- Latitude
- Land and Water
- Geographic Position and Prevailing Winds
- Mountains and Highlands
- Ocean Currents
- Pressure and Wind Systems
- World Climates--An Overview
- The Wet Tropics (Af, Am)
- Temperature Characteristics
- Precipitation Characteristics
- Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw)
- Temperature Characteristics
- Precipitation Characteristics
- The Monsoon
- The Cw Variant
- The Dry Climates (B)
- What Is Meant by "Dry"?
- Subtropical Desert (BWh) and Steppe (BSh)
- West Coast Subtropical Deserts
- Middle-Latitude Desert (BWk) and Steppe (BSk)
- Humid Middle-Latitude Climates with Mild Winters (C)
- Humid Subtropical Climate (Cfa)
- The Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)
- The Dry-Summer Subtropical (Mediterranean) Climate (Csa, Csb)
- Humid Continental Climates with Severe Winters (D)
- Humid Continental Climate (Dfa)
- The Subarctic Climate (Dfc, Dfd)
- The Polar Climates (E)
- The Tundra Climate (ET)
- The Ice Cap Climate (EF)
- Highland Climates
- Chapter 16. Optical Phenomena of the Atmosphere
- Nature of Light
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Mirages
- Rainbows
- Halos, Sun Dogs, and Solar Pillars
- The Glory
- The Corona
- Appendix A. Metric Units
- Appendix B. Explanation ad Decoding of the Daily Weather Map
- Appendix C. Relative Humidity and Dew Point Tables
- Appendix D. Correcting Mercurial Barometer Readings
- Appendix E. Laws Relating to Gases
- Appendix F. Climate Data
- Glossary
- Index
