Environmental standards : combined exposures and their effects on human beings and their environment /

Environmental standards : combined exposures and their effects on human beings and their environment /

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Bibliographic Details
Imprint:Berlin ; New York : Springer, c2003.
Description:xxxv, 407 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Language:English
Subject:
Environmental toxicology.
Threshold limit values (Industrial toxicology)
Environmental toxicology.
Threshold limit values (Industrial toxicology)
Format: Print Book
URL for this record:http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5040185
Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:Streffer, Christian, 1934-
ISBN:3540440976 (alk. paper)
Notes:Includes bibliographical references.
Table of Contents:
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • 1. Methodological Foundations of Defining Environmental Standards
  • 1.1. Environmental Standards and Human Attitudes to Nature
  • 1.1.1. Environmental Standards as Cultural Achievements
  • 1.1.2. Setting Limit Values as a Rational Process
  • 1.1.3. Pragmatic Consistency and Practical Generalizability
  • 1.2. Methodological Problems of Establishing Limit Values
  • 1.2.1. The Effect Principle
  • 1.2.2. Natural Exposures
  • 1.2.3. Combined Effects
  • 1.3. Environmental Policy
  • 1.3.1. The Risk Concept as a Fundamental Concept of Environmental Policy
  • 1.3.2. Principles of Environmental Policy
  • 1.3.3. Instruments of Environmental Policy
  • 1.4. Literature
  • 2. Scientific and Medical Foundations
  • 2.1. Possible Principles of Interaction between two Noxae, especially with the Involvement of Ionizing Radiation
  • 2.2. Dose-Response Relationships and Models for Combined Effects
  • 2.2.1. Dose-Response Curves and Mechanisms
  • 2.2.1.1. Reversible Effect Mechanisms
  • 2.2.1.2. Irreversible Mechanisms
  • 2.2.1.3. Mutagenic Effects
  • 2.2.1.4. Tumours
  • 2.2.1.5. Dose-Response Curves in the Lower Dose Range
  • 2.2.1.6. Differentiation between Stochastic and Non-stochastic Effects
  • 2.2.1.7. Conclusions
  • 2.2.2. Combined Effects
  • 2.2.2.1. Terminology
  • 2.2.2.2. Comparison with Single Effects: Synergism and Antagonism
  • 2.2.2.3. Comparison with Models
  • 2.2.2.4. Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Interactions
  • 2.2.2.5. Representation of Combined Effects
  • 2.2.2.6. Models for Combined Effects
  • 2.2.2.7. The Importance of the Independence Model
  • 2.2.2.8. Independent Effects of Different Kinds
  • 2.2.2.9. Combinations of Stochastic Effects
  • 2.2.2.10. Combinations of Non-stochastic Effects
  • 2.2.2.11. Non-mechanistic Models
  • 2.2.2.12. Dose Additivity for Agents Behaving Differently
  • 2.2.2.13. Stochastic and Non-stochastic Effects in Combination
  • 2.2.2.14. Non-stochastic Multiple Combinations
  • 2.2.2.15. Stochastic Multiple Combinations
  • 2.2.2.16. Stochastic and Non-stochastic Multiple Combinations
  • 2.2.3. Examples of Empirical Combined Effects
  • 2.2.3.1. Interactions between Medicinal Drugs: Mechanisms, Extent and Incidence
  • 2.2.3.2. Dose-Response Analyses
  • 2.2.3.3. Effect Amplification in the Lower Dose Range?
  • 2.2.3.4. Reduction of a Threshold Dose of A in the Presence of B?
  • 2.2.3.5. Slope Values of Dose-Response Curvesand their Impact on Amplification Effect in Combination
  • 2.2.3.6. Conclusions
  • 2.2.4. Literature
  • 2.3. Combined Exposure to Radiation and Substances
  • 2.3.1. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
  • 2.3.1.1. Overview
  • 2.3.1.2. The Induction of Malignant Diseases
  • 2.3.1.3. Extrapolations
  • 2.3.2. Radiation Protection
  • 2.3.2.1. Radiation Dose Units
  • 2.3.2.2. Radiation Exposure of the Population
  • 2.3.2.3. Dose Limits
  • 2.3.3. Interactions between Ionizing Radiation and Chemicals
  • 2.3.3.1. Basic Considerations on Estimating Combined Effects
  • 2.3.3.2. Exemplary Discussion of Combined Effects
  • 2.3.3.3. Summary Assessment and Recommendations for Action
  • 2.3.4. Literature
  • 2.4. Combined Exposure to Chemical Substances
  • 2.4.1. Introduction
  • 2.4.1.1. The Categorical Heterogeneity of Limit Values
  • 2.4.1.2. Problems concerning "Safety Margins"
  • 2.4.1.3. Toxicological Systematics of Combined Exposures
  • 2.4.1.4. Present Knowledge on Combined Effects
  • 2.4.2. Conventionally Toxic Effects
  • 2.4.2.1. A Complex, mostly Indefinite Mixture: Love Canal
  • 2.4.2.2. A Complex, Definite Mixture: Contaminations in Drinking Water
  • 2.4.2.3. Conclusions
  • 2.4.3. Hypotheses on Combined Effects in the Range of "Effect Thresholds"
  • 2.4.3.1. Difficulties of Finding Limit Values for Combined Exposures
  • 2.4.3.2. Findings Supporting the Hypotheses
  • 2.4.3.3. Further Experiments Supporting the Hypotheses
  • 2.4.3.4. Apparent Conflicts with the Hypotheses
  • 2.4.3.5. Summary and Assessment
  • 2.4.3.6. Appendix
  • 2.4.3.7. Literature
  • 2.4.4. Combined Exposure to Cancerogenic Substances
  • 2.4.4.1. Attack Sites and Factors of Influence
  • 2.4.4.2. Establishing the Cancerogenic Properties of Chemical Substances: Epidemiology vs. Experiment
  • 2.4.4.3. Results from Epidemiological Studies
  • 2.4.4.4. Animal Experiments
  • 2.4.4.5. Summary Assessment and Recommendations for Action
  • 2.4.4.6. Appendix
  • 2.4.4.7. Literature
  • 2.5. Quantitative Relationships between Mixed Exposures and Effects on Plants
  • 2.5.1. Introduction
  • 2.5.2. Establishing Dose-Response Relationships and Evaluating Guideline Values for Single Components
  • 2.5.2.1. The Relationship between Exposure and Effect
  • 2.5.2.2. The Present Situation Concerning Immissions of Effects
  • 2.5.2.3. Protected Assets
  • 2.5.2.4. Criteria for the Detection and Assessment of Effects
  • 2.5.2.5. Assessment of the Results regarding their Relevance for Determining Dose-Response Relationships
  • 2.5.2.6. Evaluation of the Guideline Values for Single Components
  • 2.5.3. Prospects for the Appraisal of the Hazard Potential of Mixed Exposures
  • 2.5.3.1. Examples of Combined Effects
  • 2.5.3.2. Models for Dose-Response Relationships in Combined Exposure
  • 2.5.3.3. Filtered-Unfiltered Experiments
  • 2.5.3.4. Possible Interactions
  • 2.5.4. Summary Assessment and Recommendations for Action
  • 2.5.5. Literatur
  • 3. Perception of Technical Risks
  • 3.1. Foreword
  • 3.2. Current Risk Debate
  • 3.3. Risk Perception Models
  • 3.3.1. Semantic Risk Model
  • 3.3.2. Risk as an Early Warning Indicator
  • 3.4. Intuitive Processes of Risk Perception
  • 3.5. The Media as a Source of Information
  • 3.6. Perception of Combined Effects
  • 3.7. Psychosomatic Links
  • 3.8. Duties of Risk Policy
  • 3.9. Conclusions
  • 3.10. Literature
  • 4. The Importance of Economic Factors in Setting Combined Environmental Standards
  • 4.1. Scope
  • 4.2. Cost-effective Environmental Protection with Adequate Information
  • 4.2.1. Adverse Effects
  • 4.2.2. Abatement Costs
  • 4.2.3. Cost-efficient Limit Values
  • 4.3. An Empirical Example
  • 4.4. Choice of Policy Instruments
  • 4.5. Cost-efficient Limit Values under Imperfect Information
  • 4.5.1. Uncertainty in Decision-making
  • 4.5.2. Stochastic Decision Model
  • 4.5.3. Fuzzy Decision Model
  • 4.5.4. Decision Models Subject to Uncertainty
  • 4.6. Conclusions
  • 4.7. Literature
  • 5. Legal Problems of Assessing and Regulating Exposure to Combined Effects of Substances and Radiation
  • 5.1. The Current Legal Situation
  • 5.1.1. Constitutional Duties of Protection
  • 5.1.2. Environment Protection Law
  • 5.1.2.1. General
  • 5.1.2.2. Laws Relating to Environmental Media
  • 5.1.2.3. Chemicals Law
  • 5.1.3. Secondary Legislation
  • 5.1.3.1. General
  • 5.1.3.2. Limits
  • 5.1.3.3. Action Thresholds Giving Rise to Legal Obligations
  • 5.1.3.4. Classification of Mixtures and Preparations
  • 5.1.4. Imputation of Combined Effects
  • 5.1.4.1. Civil Liability Law
  • 5.1.4.2. Welfare Law Pertaining to Occupational Health and Safety
  • 5.1.4.3. Public Law
  • 5.1.5. Lifestyle-based Substance Risk
  • 5.2. The Situation in Other Countries
  • 5.2.1. USA
  • 5.2.2. Switzerland
  • 5.2.3. Netherlands
  • 5.3. Appraisal
  • 5.3.1. Constitutional Foundations
  • 5.3.2. Summary Appraisal of the Current Legal Situation and Reform Needs
  • 5.4. Reform Proposals I: Assessment of Combined Effects
  • 5.4.1. Testing of New Substances
  • 5.4.2. Testing of Existing Substances
  • 5.4.3. Classification
  • 5.4.4. Research Obligations
  • 5.4.5. Conclusions
  • 5.5. Reform Proposals II: Regulation
  • 5.5.1. General
  • 5.5.1.1. Limits to the Law in Regulating Combined Effects
  • 5.5.1.2. Prevention of Dangers and Precaution Against Hazards
  • 5.5.1.3. Environmental Quality, Emission Limits and Minimization
  • 5.5.1.4. Conclusions
  • 5.5.2. Regulatory Strategies for Combined Effects
  • 5.5.2.1. Limits to the Regulatory Coverage of (Possible) Combined Effects
  • 5.5.2.2. Regulatory Strategies
  • 5.5.2.3. Case-wise Risk Assessment
  • 5.5.2.4. Safety Margins
  • 5.5.2.5. Dominant Components
  • 5.5.2.6. Limits for Combined Effects
  • 5.5.2.7. Emission Restrictions and Minimization
  • 5.5.3. Policy Addressees (Imputation Models)
  • 5.5.3.1. Basic Imputation Models
  • 5.5.3.2. Voluntary Model
  • 5.5.3.3. Quota Model
  • 5.5.3.4. Priority Principle
  • 5.5.3.5. Remediation Model
  • 5.5.3.6. Dominant Component Model
  • 5.5.3.7. Compensatory Model
  • 5.5.3.8. General Imputation Principles
  • 5.5.3.9. Relationship between Regulatory and Imputation Models
  • 5.6. Recommendations
  • 5.7. Literature
  • 6. Appraisal and Recommendations
  • 6.1. Summary Appraisal
  • 6.2. Possible Solutions and Recommendations for Action
  • Glossary
  • Authors
Purchased from the Esther A. Kraus Book Fund bookplate
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