Biostatistics and epidemiology : a primer for health and biomedical professionals /
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| Author / Creator: | Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 3rd ed. |
| Imprint: | New York : Springer-Verlag, c2004. |
| Description: | xvi, 243 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5149661 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface To The Third Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. The Scientific Method
- 1.1. The Logic of Scientific Reasoning
- 1.2. Variability of Phenomena Requires Statistical Analysis
- 1.3. Inductive Inference: Statistics as the Technology of the Scientific Method
- 1.4. Design of Studies
- 1.5. How to Quantify Variables
- 1.6. The Null Hypothesis
- 1.7. Why Do We Test the Null Hypothesis?
- 1.8. Types of Errors
- 1.9. Significance Level and Types of Error
- 1.10. Consequences of Type I and Type II Errors
- Chapter 2. A Little Bit Of Probability
- 2.1. What Is Probability?
- 2.2. Combining Probabilities
- 2.3. Conditional Probability
- 2.4. Bayesian Probability
- 2.5. Odds and Probability
- 2.6. Likelihood Ratio
- 2.7. Summary of Probability
- Chapter 3. Mostly About Statistics
- 3.1. Chi-Square for 2 × 2 Tables
- 3.2. McNemar Test
- 3.3. Kappa
- 3.4. Description of a Population: Use of the Standard Deviation
- 3.5. Meaning of the Standard Deviation: The Normal Distribution
- 3.6. The Difference Between Standard Deviation and Standard Error
- 3.7. Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means
- 3.8. Z Scores and the Standardized Normal Distribution
- 3.9. The t Statistic
- 3.10. Sample Values and Population Values Revisited
- 3.11. A Question of Confidence
- 3.12. Confidence Limits and Confidence Intervals
- 3.13. Degrees of Freedom
- 3.14. Confidence Intervals for Proportions
- 3.15. Confidence Intervals Around the Difference Between Two Means
- 3.16. Comparisons Between Two Groups
- 3.17. Z-Test for Comparing Two Proportions
- 3.18. t-Test for the Difference Between Means of Two Independent Groups: Principles
- 3.19. How to Do a t-Test: An Example
- 3.20. Matched Pair t-Test
- 3.21. When Not to Do a Lot of t-Tests: The Problem of Multiple Tests of Significance
- 3.22. Analysis of Variance: Comparison Among Several Groups
- 3.23. Principles
- 3.24. Bonferroni Procedure: An Approach to Making Multiple Comparisons
- 3.25. Analysis of Variance When There Are Two Independent Variables: The Two-Factor ANOVA
- 3.26. Interaction Between Two Independent Variables
- 3.27. Example of a Two-Way ANOVA
- 3.28. Kruskal-Wallis Test to Compare Several Groups
- 3.29. Association and Causation: The Correlation Coefficient
- 3.30. How High Is High?
- 3.31. Causal Pathways
- 3.32. Regression
- 3.33. The Connection Between Linear Regression and the Correlation Coefficient
- 3.34. Multiple Linear Regression
- 3.35. Summary So Far
- Chapter 4. Mostly About Epidemiology
- 4.1. The Uses of Epidemiology
- 4.2. Some Epidemiologic Concepts: Mortality Rates
- 4.3. Age-Adjusted Rates
- 4.4. Incidence and Prevalence Rates
- 4.5. Standardized Mortality Ratio
- 4.6. Person-Years of Observation
- 4.7. Dependent and Independent Variables
- 4.8. Types of Studies
- 4.9. Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Looks at Data
- 4.10. Measures of Relative Risk: Inferences From Prospective Studies: the Framingham Study
- 4.11. Calculation of Relative Risk from Prospective Studies
- 4.12. Odds Ratio: Estimate of Relative Risk from Case-Control Studies
- 4.13. Attributable Risk
- 4.14. Response Bias
- 4.15. Confounding Variables
- 4.16. Matching
- 4.17. Multiple Logistic Regression
- 4.18. Confounding By Indication
- 4.19. Survival Analysis: Life Table Methods
- 4.20. Cox Proportional Hazards Model
- 4.21. Selecting Variables For Multivariate Models
- 4.22. Interactions: Additive and Multiplicative Models
- Summary
- Chapter 5. Mostly About Screening
- 5.1. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Related Concepts
- 5.2. Cutoff Point and Its Effects on Sensitivity and Specificity
- Chapter 6. Mostly About Clinical Trials
- 6.1. Features of Randomized Clinical Trials
- 6.2. Purposes of Randomization
- 6.3. How to Perform Randomized Assignment
- 6.4. Two-Tailed Tests Versus One-Tailed Test
- 6.5. Clinical Trial as ""Gold Standard""
- 6.6. Regression Toward the Mean
- 6.7. Intention-to-Treat Analysis
- 6.8. How Large Should the Clinical Trial Be?
- 6.9. What Is Involved in Sample Size Calculation?
- 6.10. How to Calculate Sample Size for the Difference Between Two Proportions
- 6.11. How to Calculate Sample Size for Testing the Difference Between Two Means
- Chapter 7. Mostly About Quality Of Life
- 7.1. Scale Construction
- 7.2. Reliability
- 7.3. Validity
- 7.4. Responsiveness
- 7.5. Some Potential Pitfalls
- Chapter 8. Mostly About Genetic Epidemiology
- 8.1. A New Scientific Era
- 8.2. Overview of Genetic Epidemiology
- 8.3. Twin Studies
- 8.4. Linkage and Association Studies
- 8.5. LOD Score: Linkage Statistic
- 8.6. Association Studies
- 8.7. Transmission Disequilibrium Tests (TDT)
- 8.8. Some Additional Concepts and Complexities of Genetic Studies
- Chapter 9. Research Ethics And Statistics
- 9.1. What does statistics have to do with it?
- 9.2. Protection of Human Research Subjects
- 9.3. Informed Consent
- 9.4. Equipoise
- 9.5. Research Integrity
- 9.6. Authorship policies
- 9.7. Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
- 9.8. Summary
- Postscript A Few Parting Comments On The Impact Of Epidemiology On Human Lives
- Appendix A. Critical Values Of Chi-Square, Z, And t
- Appendix B. Fisher's Exact Test
- Appendix C. Kruskal-Wallis Nonparametric Test To Compare Several Groups
- Appendix D. How To Calculate A Correlation Coefficient
- Appendix E. Age-Adjustment
- Appendix F. Confidence Limits On Odds Ratios
- Appendix G. ""J"" Or ""U"" Shaped Relationship Between Two Variables
- Appendix H. Determining Appropriateness Of Change Scores
- Appendix I. Genetic Principles
- References
- Suggested Readings
- Index
