Bird ecology and conservation : a handbook of techniques /

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Bibliographic Details
Imprint:	Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2004.
Description:	xv, 386 p. : ill, maps ; 24 cm.
Language:	English
Series:	Techniques in ecology and conservation series ; 1
Subject:	Birds -- Conservation. Birds -- Ecology. Ornithology -- Methodology. Birds -- Conservation. Birds -- Ecology. Ornithology -- Methodology.
Format:	E-Resource Print Book
URL for this record:	http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5356390

Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:	Sutherland, William J. Newton, Ian. Green, Rhys.
ISBN:	0198520859 0198520867 (pbk)
Notes:	Formerly CIP. Includes bibliographical references and index. Also available on the Internet.

Table of Contents:

List of Contributors
1. Bird diversity survey methods
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Designing the fieldwork
1.3. Finding the birds
1.4. Standardizing the effort by time and space
1.5. Standardizing the effort by McKinnon's list method
1.6. Atlas studies
1.7. Estimating species richness
1.8. Conclusion
2. Bird census and survey techniques
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. What are bird surveys and why do we need them?
2.1.2. What is monitoring and why do we need it?
2.1.3. Useful sources of information
2.1.4. Begin at the beginning
2.1.5. Population size or index?
2.1.6. Survey boundaries
2.1.7. Census or sample?
2.1.8. Sampling strategy
2.1.9. Sampling unit
2.1.10. Field methods
2.1.11. Accuracy, precision, and bias
2.2. Sampling strategies
2.2.1. How many sampling units?
2.2.2. Which sampling units to count?
2.2.3. Using stratification
2.3. Field methods
2.3.1. Mapping
2.3.2. Transects
2.3.3. Line transects
2.3.4. Point transects
2.3.5. Rules for recording birds in the field
2.3.6. Choosing between line and point transects
2.3.7. Detection probabilities
2.3.8. Colonial birds
2.3.9. Counting roosts and flocks
2.3.10. Counting leks
2.3.11. Counting migrants
2.3.12. Capture techniques
2.3.13. Tape playback
2.3.14. Vocal individuality
2.4. Conclusions
3. Breeding biology
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Choosing study areas
3.3. Measuring the success of individual breeding attempts
3.3.1. Finding and selecting nests
3.3.2. Recording the stage of a breeding attempt when it is located
3.3.3. Precautions to take so that nests can be relocated for checking
3.3.4. Nest checking
3.3.5. Determination of chick survival for species with precocial young
3.3.6. Estimation of nest success from nest check data
3.4. Determination of the proximate causes of breeding failure
3.4.1. Signs left at the nest
3.4.2. Wax or plasticine eggs in the nests of wild birds
3.4.3. Cameras
3.4.4. Temperature loggers
3.5. Using artificial nests to measure nest success and causes of failure
3.6. Measuring annual productivity
3.6.1. Why measure annual productivity?
3.6.2. Productivity from counts after the breeding season
3.6.3. Productivity from captures after the breeding season
3.6.4. Intensive studies of breeding
3.6.5. Indices of productivity from surveys during the breeding season
3.6.6. Use of simulation models
3.7. Timing of breeding
3.8. Measurements of eggs and chicks
3.9. Proximate and ultimate causes of breeding failure
3.10. Value of experiments to disentangle ultimate and proximate causes of breeding failure
4. Birds in the hand
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Welfare, ethical, and legislative issues
4.3. Catching the birds
4.3.1. The breeding season
4.3.2. Cage traps
4.3.3. Spring traps
4.3.4. A couple of nestbox traps
4.3.5. Noose-carpet traps
4.3.6. Mist-nets
4.3.7. Clap-nets and whoosh-nets
4.3.8. Canon-nets
4.3.9. Capture by hand
4.4. Individual marking
4.5. Notes on bird handling
4.6. The bird at close quarters
4.6.1. Age and molt
4.6.2. Sex
4.6.3. Weight
4.6.4. Color, for example, UV reflectance
4.7. Size
4.7.1. Body size
4.7.2. Wing
4.7.3. Tail
4.7.4. Tarsus
4.7.5. Tarsus-and-toe
4.7.6. Bill
4.7.7. Total-head
4.7.8. Claw, eye-ring, and other measures
4.8. Condition
4.8.1. Asymmetry
4.8.2. Relative mass
4.8.3. Fat reserves
4.8.4. Muscle protein
4.8.5. Physiological measures
4.8.6. Molt and plumage
4.8.7. Parasites
4.9. Biopsy
5. Estimating survival and movement
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Tag type and subsequent encounters
5.3. Survival rates
5.3.1. Radio-telemetry
5.3.2. Capture-recapture/resighting
5.3.3. Band recovery
5.4. Movement
5.4.1. Radio-telemetry
5.4.2. Capture-recapture/resighting
5.4.3. Band recovery
5.5. Summary and general recommendations
6. Radio-tagging
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Choice of techniques
6.2.1. Constraints on radio tagging
6.2.2. Applications and advantages
6.2.3. Considerations for tag attachment
6.3. Forward planning
6.3.1. Equipment
6.3.2. Mobile tracking
6.3.3. Software
6.4. Approaches
6.4.1. Pilot studies
6.4.2. Recording locations
6.4.3. Using location data
6.4.4. Demography
6.5. The future
7. Migration
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Migration systems
7.2.1. Mark-recapture
7.2.2. Morphology
7.2.3. Genetic markers
7.2.4. Stable isotopes
7.3. Migration behavior and strategies
7.3.1. Counting and observing migrants
7.3.2. Tracking migrants
7.3.3. Remote sensing: infrared device
7.3.4. Remote sensing: radar
7.3.5. Stopover
7.4. Physiology of migration
7.4.1. Body composition
7.4.2. Energetics
7.4.3. Endocrinology
7.5. Flight in wind tunnels
7.6. Orientation and navigation
7.6.1. Emlen funnels
7.6.2. Manipulating sensory input
7.6.3. Displacement experiments
7.6.4. Selection experiments
7.6.5. Circular statistics
7.7. Modeling migration
7.8. Concluding remarks
8. Information from dead and dying birds
8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Terminology-definitions and explanation
8.1.2. Methodology-an overview of techniques
8.2. The postmortem examination
8.3. Health and safety
8.4. Postmortem examinations (necropsies)
8.5. Laboratory investigations
8.6. Interpretation of findings
8.7. Legal aspects
8.8. Conclusions
9. Techniques in physiology and genetics
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Sampling techniques
9.2.1. Ethical considerations
9.2.2. Legal considerations-catching wild birds for research
9.2.3. Legal considerations-scientific experiments on birds
9.2.4. Housing and husbandry
9.2.5. Blood sampling
9.2.6. Administration of substances
9.2.7. Anesthesia
9.2.8. Implants
9.2.9. Laparotomy
9.3. Ecotoxicology
9.4. Endocrinology
9.5. Energetics
9.6. Molecular genetics
10. Diet and foraging behavior
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Diet composition
10.2.1. Direct observation
10.2.2. Nest observations
10.2.3. Remains and signs
10.2.4. Dropping analysis
10.2.5. Pellet analysis
10.2.6. Stomach analysis
10.2.7. Direct observations of crop
10.2.8. Regurgitates
10.2.9. Cafeteria experiments
10.2.10. Morphology
10.2.11. Neck ligatures
10.2.12. Emetics and flushing
10.2.13. Isotope differences between habitats
10.3. Determining prey size
10.3.1. Direct observation fo prey size
10.3.2. Determining size from prey remains
10.3.3. Determining prey size from regurgitates
10.3.4. Measuring fragments in pellets, droppings, or stomach
10.4. Prey quality
10.4.1. Energy content
10.4.2. Prey digestibility
10.5. Foraging behavior
10.5.1. Time budgets
10.5.2. Time spent feeding per day
10.5.3. Night observations
10.5.4. Handling time
10.5.5. Intake rate and the functional response
10.5.6. Interference
10.5.7. Depletion
10.5.8. Prey availability
10.5.9. Exclosures
10.5.10. Mate provisioning and brood provisioning rates
11. Habitat assessment
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Habitat associations
11.1.2. Documenting changes over time
11.2. Protocols
11.3. Physical environment
11.3.1. Temperature and thermoregulation
11.3.2. Rainfall and soil wetness
11.3.3. Slope, aspect, elevation, and topography
11.3.4. Type, chemistry, and penetrability of soils
11.3.5. Water chemistry
11.4. Vegetation
11.4.1. Mapping of broad habitat types
11.4.2. Species composition of vegetation
11.4.3. Vegetation architecture
11.5. Quantifying habitat selection
11.5.1. Comparing the relative abundance of birds or records of tracked birds in each of several habitats with the relative areas of the habitats available
11.5.2. Relating numbers or densities of individuals or records of tracked birds in spatial units to the habitat composition of those units
11.5.3. Comparison of habitat at places used by birds with that at places that are representative of the study area or known to be unused
11.6. Food abundance and availability
11.7. Predator abundance
11.8. Disturbance
12. Conservation management of endangered birds
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Process in the restoration of endangered species
12.2.1. Step one: know your species
12.2.2. Step two: diagnose causes of population decline and test remedial action
12.2.3. Stage three: intensive management
12.2.4. Stage four: population management
12.2.5. Stage five: monitoring
12.3. Broad population management approaches
12.3.1. Supplemental feeding
12.3.2. Enhancing nest-sites and the provision of nest-boxes
12.3.3. Disease control
12.3.4. Predator control
12.4. Intensive management of focal pairs
12.4.1. Close guarding and monitoring of nests
12.4.2. Clutch and brood manipulations
12.5. Reintroduction and translocations
12.5.1. Reintroduction
12.5.2. Translocations
12.6. Supportive management for bird restoration projects
12.6.1. Role of captive facilities
12.6.2. Model or surrogate species
12.6.3. Artificial incubation and hand-rearing
12.7. Integrated management
12.8. Discussion
13. Exploitation
13.1. Introduction: assessment of exploitation
13.1.1. Taking a conservative approach
13.1.2. Minimum estimates of population size
13.1.3. Estimates of harvest levels
13.1.4. Population models and associated parameters
13.1.5. The use of trends
13.2. Theoretical basis for sustainable exploitation
13.2.1. Logistic growth model with perfect information
13.2.2. Incorporating uncertainty: potential biological removal
13.2.3. A note about other methods of assessing sustainability
13.3. Harvest control and management objectives
13.2.1. Harvest management strategies
13.3.2. Harvest management objectives
13.4. Assessing harvest levels
13.4.1. Total harvest (H) versus harvest rate (h)
13.4.2. Harvest estimation when harvest is legal and observable
13.4.3. Harvest estimation when harvest is illegal
13.4.4. Measuring harvest rate
13.5. Assessing population size
13.5.1. Overview
13.5.2. Coping with uncertainty
13.6. Assessing population dynamics
13.6.1. Maximum growth rate (r[subscript max])
13.6.2. Other aspects of density dependence
13.6.3. Other driving forces
13.6.4. Model structure
13.7. Addressing uncertainty
13.7.1. Motivation
13.7.2. Management experiments
13.7.3. Adaptive management
14. Habitat management
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Deciding what to do
14.3. Monitoring
14.4. General principles of managing habitats for birds
14.4.1. Factors influencing habitat use by birds
14.4.2. Taking account of the requirements of non-bird species
14.4.3. Controlling unwanted plants
14.4.4. Taking account of predicted climate change
14.5. Managing grasslands
14.5.1. Introduction
14.5.2. Effects of cutting and burning on sward condition
14.5.3. Effects of grazing on sward condition
14.5.4. Minimizing nest and chick loss during management
14.5.5. Using fertilizer
14.5.6. Hydrology of wet grasslands
14.6. Managing dwarf shrub habitats
14.7. Managing forests and scrub
14.7.1. Introduction
14.7.2. Grazing and browsing
14.7.3. Burning
14.7.4. Planting and harvesting regimes
14.7.5. Thinning and creating gaps
14.7.6. Increasing the quantity of dead wood
14.8. Managing deep water
14.9. Managing wetlands
14.9.1. Manipulating the proportions of open water, ruderal vegetation, and swamp
14.9.2. Increasing food abundance for birds in shallow freshwater
14.9.3. Increasing food abundance for birds in shallow brackish and saline water
14.9.4. Increasing accessibility of food for birds in shallow water
14.9.5. Providing islands and rafts
14.9.6. Managing reedbeds
14.9.7. Scrub
14.9.8. Wet woodlands
14.10. Managing intertidal habitats
14.11. Managing arable land and hedgerows
14.12. Conclusions
Index

Bird ecology and conservation : a handbook of techniques /

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