The physics of traffic : empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory /

The physics of traffic : empirical freeway pattern features, engineering applications, and theory /

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator:Kerner, B. S. (Boris Semenovich)
Imprint:Berlin : Springer, c2004.
Description:xxiii, 682 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Language:English
Series:Understanding complex systems.
Subject:
Traffic flow -- Mathematical models.
Highway capacity -- Mathematical models.
Electronic traffic controls.
Electronic traffic controls.
Highway capacity -- Mathematical models.
Traffic flow -- Mathematical models.
Format: Print Book
URL for this record:http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5638154
Hidden Bibliographic Details
ISBN:3540207163
Notes:Includes bibliographical references (p. [655]-677) and index.
Table of Contents:
  • 1. Introduction
  • Part I. Historical Overview and Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 2. Spatiotemporal Pattern Formation in Freeway Traffic
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Traffic and Synergetics
  • 2.3. Free and Congested Traffic
  • 2.3.1. Local Measurements of Traffic Variables
  • 2.3.2. Examples of Freeway Infrastructures and Detector Arrangements
  • 2.3.3. Free Traffic Flow
  • 2.3.4. Congested Traffic
  • 2.3.5. Empirical Fundamental Diagram
  • 2.3.6. Complex Local Dynamics of Congested Traffic
  • 2.4. Main Empirical Features of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns
  • 2.4.1. Three Traffic Phases
  • 2.4.2. Characteristic Parameters of Wide Moving Jams
  • 2.4.3. Spontaneous Breakdown Phenomenon (Spontaneous F → S Transition)
  • 2.4.4. Induced Breakdown Phenomenon
  • 2.4.5. Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 2.4.6. Catch Effect
  • 2.4.7. Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow: General Pattern
  • 2.4.8. Expanded Congested Patterns
  • 2.4.9. Foreign Wide Moving Jams
  • 2.4.10. Reproducible and Predictable Congested Patterns
  • 2.4.11. Methodology for Empirical Congested Pattern Study
  • 2.5. Conclusions. Fundamental Empirical Features of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns
  • 3. Overview of Freeway Traffic Theories and Models: Fundamental Diagram Approach
  • 3.1. Introduction: Hypothesis About Theoretical Fundamental Diagram
  • 3.2. Achievements of Fundamental Diagram Approach to Traffic Flow Modeling and Theory
  • 3.2.1. Conservation of Vehicle Number on Road and Front Velocity
  • 3.2.2. The Lighthill-Whitham-Richards Model and Shock Wave Theory
  • 3.2.3. Collective Flow Concept and Probability of Passing
  • 3.2.4. Scenarios for Moving Jam Emergence
  • 3.2.5. Wide Moving Jam Characteristics
  • 3.2.6. Flow Rate in Wide Moving Jam Outflow. The Line J
  • 3.2.7. Metastable States of Free Flow with Respect to Moving Jam Emergence
  • 3.3. Drawbacks of Fundamental Diagram Approach in Describing of Spatiotemporal Congested Freeway Patterns
  • 3.3.1. Shock Wave Theory
  • 3.3.2. Models and Theories of Moving Jam Emergence in Free Flow
  • 3.3.3. Models and Theories with Variety of Vehicle and Driver Characteristics
  • 3.3.4. Application of Classical Queuing Theories to Freeway Congested Traffic Patterns
  • 3.4. Conclusions
  • 4. Basis of Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 4.1. Introduction and Remarks on Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 4.2. Definition of Traffic Phases in Congested Traffic Based on Empirical Data
  • 4.2.1. Objective Criteria for Traffic Phases in Congested Traffic
  • 4.2.2. Explanation of Terms """"Synchronized Flow"""" and """"Wide Moving Jam""""
  • 4.2.3. Mean Vehicle Trajectories
  • 4.2.4. Flow Rate in Synchronized Flow
  • 4.2.5. Empirical Line J
  • 4.2.6. Propagation of Two Wide Moving Jams
  • 4.3. Fundamental Hypothesis of Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 4.3.1. Three-Phase Traffic Theory as Driver Behavioral Theory
  • 4.3.2. Synchronization Distance and Speed Adaptation Effect in Synchronized Flow
  • 4.3.3. Random Transformations (""""Wandering"""") Within Synchronized Flow States
  • 4.3.4. Dynamic Synchronized Flow States
  • 4.4. Empirical Basis of Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 4.5. Conclusions
  • 5. Breakdown Phenomenon (F → S Transition) in Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Breakdown Phenomenon on Homogeneous Road
  • 5.2.1. Speed Breakdown at Limit Point of Free Flow
  • 5.2.2. Critical Local Perturbation for Speed Breakdown
  • 5.2.3. Probability for Breakdown Phenomenon
  • 5.2.4. Threshold Flow Rate and Density, Metastability, and Nucleation Effects
  • 5.2.5. Z-Shaped Speed-Density and Passing Probability Characteristics
  • 5.2.6. Physics of Breakdown Phenomenon: Competition Between Over-Acceleration and Speed Adaptation
  • 5.2.7. Physics of Threshold Point in Free Flow
  • 5.2.8. Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 5.3. Breakdown Phenomenon at Freeway Bottlenecks
  • 5.3.1. Deterministic Local Perturbation
  • 5.3.2. Deterministic F→S Transition
  • 5.3.3. Pat Bottleneck
  • 5.3.4. Influence of Random Perturbations
  • 5.3.5. Z-Characteristic for Speed Breakdown at Bottleneck
  • 5.3.6. Physics of Speed Breakdown at Bottleneck
  • 5.3.7. Time Delay of Speed Breakdown
  • 5.4. Conclusions
  • 6. Moving Jam Emergence in Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Free Flow
  • 6.3. Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow
  • 6.3.1. Hypothesis for Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow
  • 6.3.2. Features of Metastable Synchronized Flow States
  • 6.3.3. Stable High Density Synchronized Flow States
  • 6.4. Double Z-Shaped Traffic Flow Characteristics
  • 6.4.1. Z-Characteristic for S→J Transition
  • 6.4.2. Cascade of Two Phase Transitions (F→S→J Transitions)
  • 6.4.3. Wide Moving Jam Emergence Within Initial Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 6.5. Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow at Bottlenecks
  • 6.5.1. Why Moving Jams Do not Emerge in Free Flow at Bottlenecks
  • 6.5.2. Z-Characteristic for S→J Transition at Bottlenecks
  • 6.5.3. Physics of Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow
  • 6.5.4. Double Z-Characteristic and F→S→J Transitions at Bottlenecks
  • 6.6. Conclusions
  • 7. Congested Patterns at Freeway Bottlenecks in Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. Two Main Types of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns
  • 7.3. Simplified Diagram of Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks
  • 7.4. Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 7.4.1. Influence of Fluctuations on Limit Point for Free Flow at Bottlenecks
  • 7.4.2. Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern Emergence at Bottlenecks
  • 7.4.3. Pinning of Downstream Front of Synchronized Flow at Bottlenecks
  • 7.4.4. Transformation Between Widening and Localized Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 7.5. General Patterns
  • 7.5.1. Spatiotemporal Structure of General Patterns
  • 7.5.2. Dissolving General Pattern and Pattern Transformation
  • 7.6.1. Region of Wide Moving Jams
  • 7.6.2. Narrow Moving Jam Emergence in Pinch Region
  • 7.6.3. Moving Jam Suppression Effect
  • 7.6.4. Width of Pinch Region
  • 7.6.5. Wide Moving Jam Propagation Through Bottlenecks
  • 7.7. Conclusions
  • 8. Freeway Capacity in Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.2. Homogeneous Road
  • 8.3. Freeway Capacity in Free Flow at Bottlenecks
  • 8.3.1. Definition of Freeway Capacity
  • 8.3.2. Probability for Speed Breakdown at Bottlenecks
  • 8.3.3. Threshold Boundary for Speed Breakdown
  • 8.3.4. Features of Freeway Capacity at Bottlenecks
  • 8.4. Z-Characteristic and Probability for Speed Breakdown
  • 8.5. Congested Pattern Capacity at Bottlenecks
  • 8.6. Main Behavioral Assumptions of Three Phase Traffic Theory
  • 8.7. Conclusions
  • Part II. Empirical Spatiotemporal Congested Traffic Patterns
  • 9. Empirical Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Effectual Bottlenecks and Effective Locations of Bottlenecks
  • 9.2.1. Effectual Bottlenecks on Freeway A5-South
  • 9.2.2. Effectual Bottlenecks on Freeway A5-North
  • 9.2.3. Isolated Effectual Bottleneck
  • 9.3. Empirical Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 9.3.1. Widening Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 9.3.2. Localized Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 9.3.3. Moving Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 9.4. Empirical General Patterns
  • 9.4.1. Empirical General Pattern of Type (1)
  • 9.4.2. Empirical General Pattern of Type (2)
  • 9.4.3. Dependence of Effective Location of Bottleneck on Time
  • 9.5. Conclusions
  • 10. Empirical Breakdown Phenomenon: Phase Transition from Free Flow to Synchronized Flow
  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. Spontaneous Breakdown Phenomenon (Spontaneous F→S Transition) at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 10.3. Probability for F→S Transition
  • 10.3.1. Empirical and Theoretical Definitions of Freeway Capacities at Bottlenecks
  • 10.3.2. Pre-Discharge Flow Rate
  • 10.4. Induced Speed Breakdown at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 10.4.1. F→S Transition Induced by Wide Moving Jam Propagation Through Effectual Bottleneck
  • 10.4.2. Induced Speed Breakdown at Bottlenecks Caused by Synchronized Flow Propagation
  • 10.5. Breakdown Phenomenon at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 10.6. Breakdown Phenomenon Away from Bottlenecks
  • 10.7. Some Empirical Features of Synchronized Flow
  • 10.7.1. Complex Behavior in Flow-Density Plane
  • 10.7.2. Three Types of Synchronized Flow
  • 10.7.3. Overlapping States of Free Flow and Synchronized Flow in Density
  • 10.7.4. Analysis of Individual Vehicle Speeds
  • 10.8. Conclusions
  • 11. Empirical Features of Wide Moving Jam Propagation
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Characteristic Parameters of Wide Moving Jams
  • 11.2.1. Empirical Determination of Line J
  • 11.2.2. Dependence of Characteristic Jam Parameters on Traffic Conditions
  • 11.2.3. Propagation of Wide Moving Jams Through Synchronized Flow
  • 11.2.4. Moving Blanks Within Wide Moving Jams
  • 11.3. Features of Foreign Wide Moving Jams
  • 11.4. Conclusions
  • 12. Empirical Features of Moving Jam Emergence
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Pinch Effect in Synchronized Flow
  • 12.2.1. Narrow Moving Jam Emergence
  • 12.2.2. Wide Moving Jam Emergence (S→J Transition)
  • 12.2.3. Correlation of Characteristics for Pinch Region and Wide Moving Jams
  • 12.2.4. Frequency of Narrow Moving Jam Emergence
  • 12.2.5. Saturation and Dynamic Features of Pinch Effect
  • 12.2.6. Spatial Dependence of Speed Correlation Function
  • 12.2.7. Effect of Wide Moving Jam Emergence in Pinch Region of General Pattern
  • 12.3. Strong and Weak Congestion
  • 12.4. Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow Away from Bottlenecks
  • 12.5. Pattern Formation at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 12.6. Induced F→J Transition
  • 12.7. Conclusions
  • 13. Empirical Pattern Evolution and Transformation at Isolated Bottlenecks
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Evolution of General Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 13.2.1. Transformation of General Pattern into Synchronized Flow Pattern
  • 13.2.2. Alternation of Free Flow and Synchronized Flow in Congested Patterns
  • 13.2.3. Hysteresis Effects Due to Pattern Formation and Dissolution
  • 13.3. Transformations of Congested Patterns Under Weak Congestion
  • 13.4. Discharge Flow Rate and Capacity Drop
  • 13.5. Conclusions
  • 14. Empirical Complex Pattern Formation Caused by Peculiarities of Freeway Infrastructure
  • 14.1. Introduction
  • 14.2. Expanded Congested Pattern
  • 14.2.1. Common Features
  • 14.2.2. Example of Expanded Congested Pattern
  • 14.3. Dissolution of Moving Jams at Bottlenecks
  • 14.3.1. Dynamics of Wide Moving Jam Outflow
  • 14.3.2. Localized Synchronized Flow Patterns Resulting from Moving Jam Dissolution
  • 14.4. Conclusions
  • 15. Dependence of Empirical Fundamental Diagram on Congested Pattern Features
  • 15.1. Introduction
  • 15.1.1. Empirical Fundamental Diagram and Steady State Model Solutions
  • 15.1.2. Two Branches of Empirical Fundamental Diagram
  • 15.1.3. Line J and Wide Moving Jam Outflow
  • 15.2. Empirical Fundamental Diagram and Line J
  • 15.2.1. Asymptotic Behavior of Empirical Fundamental Diagrams
  • 15.2.2. Influence of Different Vehicle Characteristics on Fundamental Diagrams
  • 15.3. Dependence of Empirical Fundamental Diagram on Congested Pattern Type
  • 15.4. Explanation of Reversed-¿, Inverted-V, and Inverted-U Empirical Fundamental Diagrams
  • 15.5. Conclusions
  • Part III. Microscopic Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 16. Microscopic Traffic Flow Models for Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns
  • 16.1. Introduction
  • 16.2. Cellular Automata Approach to Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 16.2.1. General Rules of Vehicle Motion
  • 16.2.2. Synchronization Distance
  • 16.2.3. Steady States
  • 16.2.4. Fluctuations of Acceleration and Deceleration in Cellular Automata Models
  • 16.2.5. Boundary Conditions and Model of On-Ramp
  • 16.2.6. Summary of Model Equations and Parameters
  • 16.3. Continuum in Space Model Approach to Three-Phase Traffic Theory
  • 16.3.1. Vehicle Motion Rules
  • 16.3.2. Speed Adaptation Effect Within Synchronization Distance
  • 16.3.3. Motion State Model for Random Acceleration and Deceleration
  • 16.3.4. Safe Speed
  • 16.3.5. 2D Region of Steady States
  • 16.3.6. Physics of Driver Time Delays
  • 16.3.7. Over-Acceleration and Over-Deceleration Effects
  • 16.3.8. Lane Changing Rules
  • 16.3.9. Boundary Conditions and Models of Bottlenecks
  • 16.3.10. Summary of Model Equations and Parameters
  • 16.4. Conclusions
  • 17. Microscopic Theory of Phase Transitions in Freeway Traffic
  • 17.1. Introduction
  • 17.2. Microscopic Theory of Breakdown Phenomenon (F→S Transition)
  • 17.2.1. Homogeneous Road
  • 17.2.2. Breakdown Phenomenon at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 17.3. Moving Jam Emergence and Double Z-Shaped Characteristics of Traffic Flow
  • 17.3.1. F→J Transition on Homogeneous Road
  • 17.3.2. S→J Transition on Homogeneous Road
  • 17.3.3. Moving Jam Emergence in Synchronized Flow Upstream of Bottlenecks
  • 17.4. Conclusions
  • 18. Congested Patterns at Isolated Bottlenecks
  • 18.1. Introduction
  • 18.2. Diagram of Congested Patterns at Isolated On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.2.1. Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 18.2.2. Single Vehicle Characteristics in Synchronized Flow
  • 18.2.3. Maximum Freeway Capacities and Limit Point in Diagram
  • 18.2.4. Pinch Effect in General Patterns
  • 18.2.5. Peculiarities of General Patterns
  • 18.3. Weak and Strong Congestion in General Patterns
  • 18.3.1. Criteria for Strong and Weak Congestion
  • 18.3.2. Strong Congestion Features
  • 18.4. Evolution of Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.5. Hysteresis and Nucleation Effects by Pattern Formation at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.5.1. Threshold Boundary for Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 18.5.2. Threshold Boundary for General Patterns
  • 18.5.3. Overlap of Different Metastable Regions and Multiple Pattern Excitation
  • 18.6. Strong Congestion at Merge Bottlenecks
  • 18.6.1. Comparison of General Patterns at Merge Bottleneck and at On-Ramp Bottleneck
  • 18.6.2. Diagram of Congested Patterns
  • 18.7. Weak Congestion at Off-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.7.1. Diagram of Congested Patterns
  • 18.7.2. Comparison of Pattern Features at Various Bottlenecks
  • 18.8. Congested Pattern Capacity at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.8.1. Transformations of Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 18.8.2. Temporal Evolution of Discharge Flow Rate
  • 18.8.3. Dependence of Congested Pattern Capacity on On-Ramp Inflow
  • 18.9. Conclusions
  • 19. Complex Congested Pattern Interaction and Transformation
  • 19.1. Introduction
  • 19.2. Catch Effect and Induced Congested Pattern Formation
  • 19.2.1. Induced Pattern Emergence
  • 19.3. Complex Congested Patterns and Pattern Interaction
  • 19.3.1. Foreign Wide Moving Jams
  • 19.3.2. Expanded Congested Patterns
  • 19.4. Intensification of Downstream Congestion Due to Upstream Congestion
  • 19.5. Conclusions
  • 20. Spatiotemporal Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow
  • 20.1. Introduction
  • 20.2. Microscopic Two-Lane Model for Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Various Driver Behavioral Characteristics and Vehicle Parameters
  • 20.2.1. Single-Lane Model
  • 20.2.2. Two-Lane Model
  • 20.2.3. Boundary, Initial Conditions, and Model of Bottleneck
  • 20.2.4. Simulation Parameters
  • 20.3. Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Different Driver Behavioral Characteristics
  • 20.3.1. Vehicle Separation Effect in Free Flow
  • 20.3.2. Onset of Congestion in Free Flow on Homogeneous Road
  • 20.3.3. Lane Asymmetric Emergence of Moving Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 20.3.4. Congested Patterns at On-Ramp Bottlenecks
  • 20.3.5. Wide Moving Jam Propagation
  • 20.4. Patterns in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow with Different Vehicle Parameters
  • 20.4.1. Peculiarity of Wide Moving Jam Propagation
  • 20.4.2. Partial Destroying of Speed Synchronization
  • 20.4.3. Extension of Free Flow Recovering and Vehicle Separation
  • 20.5. Weak Heterogeneous Flow
  • 20.5.1. Spontaneous Onset of Congestion Away from Bottlenecks
  • 20.5.2. Lane Asymmetric Free Flow Distributions
  • 20.6. Characteristics of Congested Pattern Propagation in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow
  • 20.6.1. Velocity of Downstream Jam Front
  • 20.6.2. Flow Rate in Jam Outflow
  • 20.6.3. Velocity of Downstream Front of Moving Synchronized Flow Patterns
  • 20.7. Conclusions
  • Part IV. Engineering Applications
  • 21. ASDA and FOTO Models of Spatiotemporal Pattern Dynamics based on Local Traffic Flow Measurements
  • 21.1. Introduction
  • 21.2. Identification of Traffic Phases
  • 21.3. Determination of Traffic Phases with FOTO Model
  • 21.3.1. Fuzzy Rules for FOTO Model
  • 21.4. Tracking Moving Jams with ASDA: Simplified Discussion
  • 21.4.1. Tracking Synchronized Flow with FOTO Model
  • 21.4.2. ASDA-Like Approach to Tracking Synchronized Flow
  • 21.4.3. Cumulative Flow Rate Approach to Tracking Synchronized Flow
  • 21.5. Conclusions
  • 22. Spatiotemporal Pattern Recognition, Tracking, and Prediction
  • 22.1. Introduction
  • 22.2. FOTO and ASDA Application for Congested Pattern Recognition and Tracking
  • 22.2.1. Validation of FOTO and ASDA Models at Traffic Control Center of German Federal State of Hessen
  • 22.2.2. Application of FOTO and ASDA Models on Other Freeways in Germany and USA
  • 22.3. Spatiotemporal Pattern Prediction
  • 22.3.1. Historical Time Series
  • 22.3.2. Database of Reproducible and Predictable Spatiotemporal Pattern Features
  • 22.3.3. Vehicle Onboard Autonomous Spatiotemporal Congested Pattern Prediction
  • 22.4. Traffic Analysis and Prediction in Urban Areas
  • 22.4.1. Model for Traffic Prediction in City Networks
  • 22.5. Conclusions
  • 23. Control of Spatiotemporal Congested Patterns
  • 23.1. Introduction
  • 23.2. Scenarios for Traffic Management and Control
  • 23.3. Spatiotemporal Pattern Control Through Ramp Metering
  • 23.3.1. Free Flow Control Approach
  • 23.3.2. Congested Pattern Control Approach
  • 23.3.3. Comparison of Free Flow and Congested Pattern Control Approaches
  • 23.3.4. Comparison of Different Control Rules in Congested Pattern Control Approach
  • 23.4. Dissolution of Congested Patterns
  • 23.5. Prevention of Induced Congestion
  • 23.6. Influence of Automatic Cruise Control on Congested Patterns
  • 23.6.1. Model of Automatic Cruise Control
  • 23.6.2. Automatic Cruise Control with Quick Dynamic Adaptation
  • 23.6.3. Automatic Cruise Control with Slow Dynamic Adaptation
  • 23.7. Conclusions
  • 24. Conclusion
  • A. Terms and Definitions
  • A.1. Traffic States, Parameters, and Variables
  • A.2. Traffic Phases
  • A.3. Phase Transitions
  • A.4. Bottleneck Characteristics
  • A.5. Congested Patterns at Bottlenecks
  • A.6. Local Perturbations
  • A.7. Critical and Threshold Traffic Variables
  • A.8. Some Features of Phase Transitions and Traffic State Stability
  • B. ASDA and FOTO Models for Practical Applications
  • B.1. ASDA Model for Several Road Detectors
  • B.1.1. Extensions of ASDA for On-Ramps, Off-Ramps, and Changing of Number of Freeway Lanes Upstream of Moving Jam
  • B.1.2. Extensions of ASDA for On-Ramps, Off-Ramps, and Changing of Number of Freeway Lanes Downstream of Moving Jam
  • B.1.3. FOTO Model for Several Road Detectors
  • B.1.4. Extended Rules for FOTO Model
  • B.2. Statistical Evaluation of Different Reduced Detector Configurations
  • References
  • Index
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