The faunas of Hayonim Cave, Israel : a 200,000-year record of Paleolithic diet, demography, and society /

The faunas of Hayonim Cave, Israel : a 200,000-year record of Paleolithic diet, demography, and society /

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Bibliographic Details
Author / Creator:Stiner, Mary C., 1955-
Imprint:Cambridge, Mass. : Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 2005.
Description:xxii, 330 p. : ill., maps ; 27 cm.
Language:English
Series:American School of Prehistoric Research. Bulletin ; 48
Bulletin (American School of Prehistoric Research) ; no. 48.
Subject:
Mousterian culture -- Israel -- Galilee Region.
Paleolithic period -- Israel -- Galilee Region.
Prehistoric peoples -- Food -- Israel -- Galilee Region.
Excavations (Archaeology) -- Israel -- Galilee Region.
Animal remains (Archaeology) -- Israel -- Galilee Region.
Animal remains (Archaeology)
Antiquities.
Excavations (Archaeology)
Mousterian culture.
Paleolithic period.
Prehistoric peoples -- Food.
Hayonim Cave (Israel)
Meged Rockshelter (Israel)
Galilee Region (Israel) -- Antiquities.
Israel -- Hayonim Cave.
Israel -- Meged Rockshelter.
Format: Print Book
URL for this record:http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5770603
Hidden Bibliographic Details
Other authors / contributors:Bar-Yosef, Ofer.
ISBN:0873655524 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Notes:Includes bibliographical references (p. [283]-321) and index.
Table of Contents:
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1. Goals and Approaches
  • Background to the Issues
  • The Sites and Excavations
  • The Wadi Meged Faunal Samples
  • Comparisons with Kebara Cave
  • Bone Recovery
  • Taphonomic Approaches
  • Ecological and Economic Approaches
  • Chapter 2. Archaeological Background to Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter
  • The Region
  • Hayonim Cave and Its Excavation
  • Excavation Techniques
  • Stratigraphy
  • Layer A.
  • Layer B.
  • Layer C.
  • Layer D.
  • Layer E.
  • Layer F.
  • Layer G.
  • Mineralogy
  • Site Formation Processes
  • Dating the Cultural Sequence in Hayonim Cave
  • Hayonim Cave: Interim Summary of the Cultural Sequence
  • The Natufian, Kebaran, and Aurignacian Occupations
  • The Mousterian in the Levantine Context
  • Levallois industries dominated by the production of short triangular blanks
  • Levallois industries dominated by the production of short blanks
  • Industries dominated by the production of elongated blanks
  • Meged Rockshelter and Its Excavation
  • Age of the Deposits
  • The Lithic Assemblages
  • The Faunal and Ornament Assemblages
  • Meged Rockshelter: Summary of the Cultural Sequence
  • Chapter 3. Experiments in Fragmentation and Diagenesis of Bone and Shell
  • Background to the Experiments: Chemical Versus Mechanical Destruction
  • Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
  • Experiments in Burning, Fragmentation, and Mineral Recrystallization
  • Materials, Methods, and Fire Setup
  • Results for Bone Mineral Recrystallization and Burn Color
  • Results for Bone Fragmentation and Burning Intensity
  • Results for Burning of Buried Bone
  • Infrared Spectra of Fresh and Burned Mollusk Shells
  • Overlapping Signatures of Burning, Weathering, and Fossilization in Bone
  • Discussion
  • Chapter 4. Bone, Ash, and Shell Preservation in Hayonim Cave
  • Archaeological Distributions
  • Two Hypotheses for the Bone Distributions in Layer E
  • Infrared and Macroscopic Methods
  • Infrared Spectroscopy of Bones and Sediments
  • Macroscopic Analyses of Bone
  • Results for Sediment Mineralogy in Relation to Bone Abundance
  • Bone Mineral Condition Relative to Specimen Surface Area
  • Results for Bone Condition in Relation to Bone Abundance
  • What was the Origin of the Bones in the Bone-Poor Zone?
  • Evaluating the Extent of Bioturbation
  • Sedimentation, Compaction, and Human Occupation Intensity
  • Discussion
  • Chapter 5. Vertebrate Taphonomy and Evidence of Human Modification
  • Methods and Variables
  • Density-Mediated Skeletal Attrition
  • A Comparison of Teeth and Cranial Bone
  • Bone Survivorship vs. Bulk Bone Density
  • Biases in the Representation of Limb Bone Ends vs. Shafts
  • Macrodamage Patterns
  • Damage to Reptile Remains
  • Damage to Bird Remains
  • Damage to Small Mammal Remains
  • Damage to Carnivore Remains
  • Damage to Ungulate Remains
  • Summary of Assemblage Formation Histories
  • Butchering and Marrow Processing
  • Numbers of Bones versus Stone Artifacts in Mousterian Units
  • Chapter 6. Mediterranean Ecology and Species Diversity
  • Vegetation
  • Life Zones, Ecological Quadrants, and the Wadi Meged
  • Causes of Diversity in the Mediterranean Basin
  • Diversity and History of the Major Animal Groups
  • Reptiles and Amphibians
  • Birds
  • Mammals
  • Species in the Wadi Meged Archaeo-Faunas
  • Large Mammals
  • Carnivora
  • Ungulates and Megafauna
  • Small Animals
  • Reptiles
  • Small Mammals
  • Birds
  • Micromammals
  • Summary
  • Chapter 7. Paleocommunities and Trends in Species as Prey
  • Zooarchaeological Methods: Identification and Quantification
  • Trends in Species Abundance
  • Species Trends Based on Percentages of NISP
  • Trends in Prey Importance as a Function of Biomass
  • Faunal Correlations and Indexes
  • Detrended Comparisons of Gazelle, Fallow Deer, and Tortoise Abundance
  • Tortoise Diminution, Population Structure, and Morphology
  • Diminution Trend
  • Age Structure Distortion (Skewing)
  • Tortoise Sex Ratios
  • What Sort of Tortoise? Biogeography and Morphology
  • Conclusion
  • Chapter 8. Computer Simulation Modeling of Small Game Predator-Prey Dynamics
  • Small game trends across the mediterranean rim
  • Corroboration from Size diminution in slow-growing prey
  • Critical variables in human predator-small prey interactions
  • Predator Avoidance Mechanisms
  • Prey Maturation Rates
  • Simulations of Predation on Tortoises, Hares, and Partridges
  • Simulation Model Design: High and Low Growth Conditions
  • Tortoises
  • Partridges
  • Hares
  • Differences in Prey Population Resilience
  • Links Between Predator Pressure and Predator Population Density
  • Chapter 9. Prey Diversity and Changes in Human Dietary Breadth
  • Historical Review
  • Theoretical Expectations for Changes in Dietary Breadth
  • Measuring Variation in Dietary Breadth
  • Trends in Dietary Breadth in Mediterranean Italy, Turkey, and Israel
  • The Study Samples
  • Results as a Function of Prey Type Groupings
  • Implications of "Sensitive Species" for Prey Ranking Systems
  • Evidence for the Broad Spectrum Revolution
  • Summary
  • Chapter 10. Food Utility, Attrition, and Transport of Ungulate Body Parts
  • In Situ Attrition and Body Part Profiling Techniques
  • Comparisons across Major Bone Macrostructure Classes
  • Comparisons within a Single Bone Macrostructure Class
  • The "Anatomical Regions" Profiling Technique
  • Test of Density Range Correspondence among Anatomical Regions
  • Ramifications
  • Body Part Profiles for the Wadi Meged Ungulates
  • Indexed Food Utility and Density Correlations
  • Intercorrelations among Reference Data Sets
  • Results for the Wadi Meged Ungulates
  • Conclusions About Procurement and Transport Strategies
  • Chapter 11. Evidence of Large Game Hunting from Ungulate Mortality Patterns
  • Mortality Patterns from Dental Eruption and Wear
  • Potential Taphonomic Biases
  • Nine-Cohort Mortality Profiles
  • The Three-Cohort System
  • Mortality Models and Expected Ranges of Variation
  • Variation in the Mortality Patterns Generated by Predators
  • Results for the Wadi Meged and Other Mediterranean Sites
  • Evidence of Hunting Pressure
  • Discussion of Results from the Dental Remains
  • Mortality Patterns From Bone Fusion Data
  • Methods and Samples
  • Results for Gazelle Bone Fusion at Hayonim Cave
  • Gazelle Sex Ratios
  • Concluding Discussion
  • Chapter 12. The Changing Shape of Paleolithic Society
  • Behavioral Variation in the Middle Paleolithic
  • Comparison of the Mousterian Occupations at Hayonim and Kebara Caves
  • Hayonim Cave
  • Kebara Cave
  • Numbers of People and Occupation Intensity
  • Trends in Paleolithic Hunting, Population Ecology, and Technology
  • Trend 1. Humans' Hunting of Prime-Age Ungulates
  • Trend 2. Changing Emphases in Small Game Foraging
  • Trend 3. Late Development of More Efficient Technologies
  • An Unshakeable Middle Paleolithic?
  • Population Growth, Nutrition, and Survivorship
  • Transitions in Eight Niche Dimensions
  • Parting Thoughts
  • Appendies
  • Appendix 1. Zooarchaeological Counting Units
  • Appendix 2. Faunal Coding Keys
  • Appendix 3. Ungulate Tooth Samples
  • Appendix 4. Bone-Based and Tooth-Based Mne Estimates for Ungulate Crania and Mandibles From Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 5. Protion-Based Mne Counts for Small Ungulates (Gazelles) in the Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control Data for Pronghorn
  • Appendix 6. Protion-Based Mne Counts for Medium Ungulates (Fallow Deer) from the Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control Data for American Deer
  • Appendix 7. Portion-Based Mne Counts for Large Ungulates (Aurochs) from the Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave and Photon Densitometry Control Data for American Bison
  • Appendix 8. Portion-Based Mne Counts for Ungulates from Kebaran and Pre-Kebaran Units of Hayonim Cave and Meged Rock-Shelter, with Photon Densitometry Scan Site Codes
  • Appendix 9. End-Based and Shaft-Based Mne Estimates for Major Long Bones of Ungulates From the Mousterian (MP) Units of Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 10. Fragment Length Statistics for Identified Faunal Specimens (Nisp) for the Natufian, Kebaran, and Mousterian Assemblages from Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 11. Taxonomic Abundances (Nisp) for Mousterian (MP) Units of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 12. Taxonomic Abundances (Nisp) for Epipaleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Faunal Assemblages from Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 13. "Bone-Based" Mni Counts for Common Prey Animals in the Mousterian (MP) Units of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 14. "Bone-Based" Mni Counts for Common Prey Animals in the Early Natufian, Kebaran, and Prekebaran Assemblages from Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter
  • Appendix 15. Genus-Specific Counts for Pleistocene Faunal Assemblages from Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter
  • Appendix 16. Genus-Specific Counts for Pleistocene Faunal Assemblages from Coastal Sites in Italy
  • Appendix 17. Genus-Specific Counts by Stratigraphic Layer for Epipaleolithic Through Initial Upper Paleolithic Faunal Assemblages from Ucagizli Cave (Hatay, Turkey)
  • Appendix 18. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in the Kebaran (Layer C) of Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 19. Mne Counts for Tortoises and Legiess Lizards in the Kebaran and Pre-Kebaran Layers of Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter
  • Appendix 20. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in the Early Kebaran and Pre-Kebaran Layers of Meged Rockshelter
  • Appendix 21. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 1 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 22. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 2 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 23. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 3 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 24. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 4 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 25. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 5 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 26. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 6 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 27. Mne Counts for Ungulate Taxa in Mousterian (MP) Unit 7 of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 28. Mne Counts for Tortoises and Legless Lizards in the Mousterian (MP) Units of the Central Trench in Hayonim Cave
  • Appendix 29. Standardized Mne (Mau) Values for Ungulate Assemblages from the Natufian, Kebaran, and Mousterian Layers of Hayonim Cave and Meged Rockshelter
  • References
  • Index

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