Scientific examination of documents : methods and techniques /
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| Author / Creator: | Ellen, David. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 3rd ed. |
| Imprint: | Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2006. |
| Description: | xiii, 234 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | International forensic science and investigation series |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5818927 |
Table of Contents:
- 1. Introduction
- Scientific Method
- Analytical Methods
- Documents
- Document Examiners
- Qualifications and Training
- Objects of This Book
- Literature on Document Examination
- Books
- Journals
- Research and Development
- Acknowledgments
- 2. Handwriting: The Variations Between Normal Writings
- Introduction
- Variations in Writing
- Block Capital Writing
- Methods of Construction
- Determination of Pen Movement
- Ink Lines
- Striations
- Proportion of Letters
- Proportions of Letters within Words
- Numerals
- Cursive Writing
- Development of Cursive Writing
- Interpersonal Differences
- Methods of Construction and Proportion of Individual Letters
- Variations within Words
- Disconnected Script
- Signatures
- Layout
- Variations within the Writings of One Person
- Use of Different Letter Forms by One Writer
- Personal and Style Characteristics
- The Significance of Variations between Writers
- Spelling Mistakes, Text Analysis, and Other Variables
- Non-Roman Scripts
- Classification of Handwritings
- Pattern Recognition Techniques
- References
- Further Reading
- 3. Handwriting: Accidental and Deliberate Modification
- Accidental Variation of Handwriting
- Writing Instruments
- Writing Position
- Health of Writer
- Guided Hand Signatures
- Drugs and Alcohol
- Impairment of Vision
- Deliberate Variation of Handwriting
- Disguised Writings
- Difficulties of Disguising Writing
- Disguised Signatures
- Simulated Writings
- Freehand Simulation
- Slowly Made Simulations
- Simulations of Poorly Made Signatures
- Rapidly Made Simulations
- Traced Signatures
- Introduction of Features of the Copier
- References
- Further Reading
- 4. Handwriting: The Purposes and Principles of Scientific Examination
- Introduction
- Amateur Experts
- Scientific Method
- Other Aspects of Forensic Science
- Comparison of Handwriting
- Consideration of Similarities
- The Possibility of Chance Match
- The Possibility of Simulation
- Subjectivity
- Identification
- Qualified Conclusions
- Limited Populations
- Consideration of Differences
- Consistent Differences
- Other Reasons for Differences
- Similarities with Differences
- Disguise
- Simulation
- Simulations or Ill Health
- Traced Writings
- Identification of the Writer of Simulations
- Inconclusive Examinations
- Complexities of Handwriting Comparisons
- Inconsistent Known Writings
- Complex Cases
- Multiple Suspects
- Reproduced Writing
- Unfamiliar Scripts
- Statements
- Expressing Conclusions
- Qualified Conclusions
- Scales of Conclusions
- Clarity of Expression
- Quality Assurance
- References
- Further Reading
- 5. Handwriting: The Collection of Samples
- Introduction
- Known Writings
- Request Specimens
- Like with Like
- Adequate Material
- Taking of Samples
- Avoidance of Disguise
- Samples of Writing of the Copied
- Course of Business Writings
- Sources
- Signatures
- Verification of Course of Business Writings
- Request and Course of Business Writings
- Further Reading
- 6. Typewriting and Typescripts
- Introduction
- Typeface
- Letter Spacing
- Typeface Collections
- Identification of Typewriting with a Machine
- Typewriter Faults
- Other Faults
- Comparison of Typescript
- Methods
- Grids
- Comparison Projectors
- The Significance of Differences
- The Significance of Similarities
- Dating of Typewritings
- Dot Matrix Machines
- Ink-Jet Printers
- Laser Printers
- The Collection of Samples
- Connecting Factors Other Than Typescript
- Ribbon Composition
- Erasure of Typewriting
- Other Examinations of Typewritten Documents
- Dating of Typewritten Documents
- Added Typescript
- Identification of a Typist
- References
- Further Reading
- 7. The Materials of Handwritten Documents: Substances and Techniques
- Paper
- Manufacture of Paper
- Testing of Paper
- Nondestructive Tests
- Destructive Tests
- Comparison of Paper
- Mechanical Fits
- Watermarks
- Dating of Paper
- Envelopes
- Writing Materials
- Pencils
- Inks
- Liquid Inks
- Ball-Point Inks
- Fiber-Tipped, Roller Ball, and Gel Pens
- The Examination of Inks
- Visual Examination
- Examination of Color
- Absorption Spectra and the Examination of Inks
- Ultraviolet and Infrared Radiation
- Detection of Infrared Radiation
- Infrared Absorption
- Ultraviolet Fluorescence
- Infrared Luminescence
- Comparison of Inks Using Infrared Luminescence
- Erasures
- Obliterations
- Other Luminescence Effects
- Destructive Techniques
- Chromatography
- Thin-Layer Chromatography
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Chemical Tests
- Other Components of Ink
- Further Techniques
- Relative Aging of Ball-Point Inks
- Dating of Inks
- References
- Further Reading
- 8. Printed and Photocopied Document Examination
- Introduction
- Letterpress Printing
- Lithography
- Gravure
- Raised Printing
- Screen Printing
- Nonimpact Printing Methods
- Photocopying
- Xerography
- Laser Printing
- Ink-Jet Printing
- Identification of Printing Methods
- Letterpress
- Lithography
- Gravure
- Matrix Methods
- Printing Inks
- Methods of Examination
- Identification of the Source of Printed Material
- The Examination of Photocopies
- Photocopy Toners
- Machine Characteristics
- Identification of the Photocopy with the Copier
- The Identification of the Origins of a Photocopy
- Facsimile Machines
- Fraudulent Photocopies
- Other Printing Methods
- Stamped Impressions
- Rubber Stamps
- Printing Sets
- Stamp Pad Inks
- Dry Transfer Methods
- Miscellaneous Machine Printers
- References
- Further Reading
- 9. Incidental Marks and Other Scientific Examinations
- Introduction
- Indented Impressions
- Detection of Indentation Impressions
- Oblique Lighting
- Shading
- Electrostatic Detection
- Secondary Impressions
- Fingerprints and DNA on Documents
- Damage to Documents
- Folds and Creases
- Staples and Paper Clips
- Deliberate Damage
- Charred Documents
- Matted Documents
- Erasures and Obliterations
- Altered Envelopes
- The Examination of Adhesives
- The Examination of Passports
- Crossed Lines and Sequencing of Writings
- Liquid Ink Sequencing
- Ball-Point Inks
- Offset Marks
- Pencil Lines
- Wax Crayon Lines
- Sequencing of Indented Impressions and Writings
- Sequencing of Typewriting
- References
- Further Reading
- 10. The Functions of Photography in Document Examination and Other Special Techniques
- Photography
- Record Photography
- Recording Invisible Radiations
- The Use of Filters
- Photography for Demonstration Charts
- Examination of Photographs as Questioned Documents
- Video Techniques
- Image Processing
- Optical Microscopes
- Comparison Microscopes
- Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Further Reading
- 11. Document Examination in Court
- The Conduct of the Witness
- Dress
- Manner of Giving Evidence
- Technical Evidence
- The Role of Counsel
- Conferences
- Cross-Examination
- Further Examinations
- Opposing Experts
- Incompetent Examiners
- Presentation of Handwriting Evidence
- Demonstration Charts
- Evidence Other Than Handwriting
- Typerwriting
- Special Photography
- Differences in Inks
- Indented Impressions
- Mechanical Fits
- Further Reading
- Index