Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation : BEIR VII, Phase 2 /
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| Imprint: | Washington, D.C. : National Academies Press, c2006. |
|---|---|
| Description: | xvi, 406 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/5958090 |
Table of Contents:
- Units Used to Express Radiation Dose
- Public Summary
- Introduction
- How Ionizing Radiation Was Discovered
- How Ionizing Radiation Is Detected
- Units Used to Describe Radiation Dose
- What Is Meant by Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation
- Exposure from Natural Background Radiation
- Contribution of Man-Made Radiation to Public Exposure
- Scenarios Illustrating How People Might Be Exposed to Ionizing Radiation above Background Levels
- Evidence for Adverse Health Effects Such as Cancer and Hereditary Disease
- The BEIR VII Risk Models
- Research Reviewed by the Committee
- Conclusions
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Evidence from Biology
- Estimation of Heritable Genetic Effects of Radiation in Human Populations
- Evidence from Epidemiology
- Integration of Biology and Epidemiology
- Estimating Cancer Risks
- Conclusion
- Recommended Research Needs
- 1. Background Information
- Physical Aspects of Radiation
- Chemical Aspects of Radiation
- Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Repair
- Summary
- Annex 1A. Ionizing Radiation and Oxidative Damage-A Viewpoint from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 2. Molecular and Cellular Responses to Ionizing Radiation
- General Aspects of Dose-Response Relationships
- Induction of Chromosome Aberrations
- Induction of Gene Mutations in Somatic Cells
- Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability
- Cell Cycle Effects
- Adaptive Response
- Bystander Effects
- Hyper-Radiation Sensitivity at Low Doses
- Observed Dose-Response Relationships at Low Doses
- Summary
- 3. Radiation-Induced Cancer: Mechanisms, Quantitative Experimental Studies, and the Role of Genetic Factors
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis
- Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability in Radiation Tumorigenesis
- Quantitative Studies in Experimental Tumorigenesis
- Genetic Susceptibility to Radiation-Induced Cancer
- Summary
- 4. Heritable Genetic Effects of Radiation in Human Populations
- Introduction and Brief History
- General Framework
- Genetic Diseases
- Risk Estimation Methods
- Recent Advances with Respect to the Three Quantities Used with the DD Method of Risk Estimation
- The Doubling Dose Estimate
- Mutation Component of Genetic Diseases
- MC Estimation for Chronic Multifactorial Disease
- Other Potentially Relevant Data
- Risk Estimation
- Annex 4A. Models of Inheritance of Multifactorial Diseases in the Population
- Annex 4B. The Doubling Dose
- Annex 4C. Assumptions and Specifications of the Finite-Locus Threshold Model
- Annex 4D. Differences Between Spontaneous Disease-Causing Mutations in Humans and Radiation-Induced Mutations in Experimental Systems
- Annex 4E. Criteria Used to Assign Human Genes to One of Three Groups from the Standpoint of the Recoverability of Induced Mutations in Live Births
- Annex 4F. Radiation Studies with Expanded Simple Tandem Repeat Loci in the Mouse and Minisatellite Loci in Human Germ Cells
- Annex 4G. Doubling Doses Estimated from Genetic Data of Children of A-Bomb Survivors
- 5. Background for Epidemiologic Methods
- Introduction
- Collection of Epidemiologic Data
- Analysis of Epidemiologic Data
- Interpretation of Epidemiologic Data
- 6. Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies
- Introduction
- Description of the Cohort
- Statistical Methods
- All Solid Cancers
- Site-Specific Cancers
- Cancers Resulting from Exposure In Utero
- Benign Neoplasms
- Nonneoplastic Disease
- Life Shortening
- Summary
- 7. Medical Radiation Studies
- Introduction
- Medical Uses of Radiation
- Evaluation of Risk for Specific Cancer Sites
- Discussion
- Summary
- 8. Occupational Radiation Studies
- Introduction
- Nuclear Industry Workers
- Workers from the Mayak Facility
- Chernobyl Cleanup Workers
- Airline and Aerospace Employees
- Medical and Dental Occupational Exposures
- Summary
- 9. Environmental Radiation Studies
- Introduction
- Populations Living Around Nuclear Facilities
- Populations Exposed from Atmospheric Testing, Fallout, or Other Environmental Release of Radiation
- Populations Exposed from the Chernobyl Accident
- Populations Exposed from Natural Background
- Children of Adults Exposed to Radiation
- Exposure to Radioactive Iodine 131
- Discussion
- Summary
- 10. Integration of Biology and Epidemiology
- Introduction
- DNA Damage Response and Cancer Risk
- Projection of Risks Over Time
- The Transport of Cancer Risk Between Different Populations
- Form of the Dose-Response for Radiation Tumorigenesis
- Dose and Dose-Rate Effects on Tumor Induction
- Other Forms of Cellular and Animal Response to Radiation
- Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer
- Heritable Effects of Radiation
- Summary
- Annex 10A. Application of the Moolgavkar and Knudson Two-Stage Clonal Expansion Model to the Transport of Radiation Cancer Risk
- Annex 10B. Evidence for the Connection Between Dose Effects and Dose-Rate Effects in Animal Experiments
- 11. Risk Assessment Models and Methods
- Risk Assessment Methodology
- Risk Models
- Variables That Modify the Dose-Response Relationship
- 12. Estimating Cancer Risk
- Introduction
- Data Evaluated for BEIR VII Models
- Measures of Risk and Choice of Cancer End Points
- The BEIR VII Committee's Preferred Models
- Use of the Committee's Preferred Models to Estimate Risks for the U.S. Population
- Quantitative Evaluation of Uncertainty in Lifetime Risks
- Results of Risk Calculations
- Uncertainties in Lifetime Risk Estimates
- Coherence of Models with Other Studies
- Summary
- Annex 12A. Previous Models for Estimating Cancer Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Low-LET Ionizing Radiation
- Annex 12B. Committee Analyses of Data on the LSS Cohort to Develop BEIR VII Models for Estimating Cancer Risks
- Annex 12C. Details of LAR Uncertainty Analysis
- Annex 12D. Additional Examples of Lifetime Risk Estimates Based on BEIR VII Preferred Models
- 13. Summary and Research Needs
- Evidence from Biology
- Genetic Effects of Radiation on Human Populations
- Epidemiologic Studies of Populations Exposed to Ionizing Radiation
- Integration of Biology and Epidemiology
- Models for Estimating the Lifetime Risk of Cancer
- Conclusion
- Appendixes
- A. Basic Biological and Genetic Concepts
- B. Commentary on "Radiation From Medical Procedures in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease: Dose-Response Studies with Physicians Per 100,000 Population"
- C. Issues Raised by the Institute for Energy and Environment Research (IEER)
- D. Hormesis
- E. Fifteen-Country Workers Study
- References
- Glossary
- Committee Biographies
- Index
