Ecological census techniques : a handbook.
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| Edition: | 2nd ed. |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. |
| Description: | xv, 432 p. ; 26 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/6120004 |
Table of Contents:
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1. Planning a research programme
- Introduction: reverse planning
- What is the specific question?
- What results are necessary to answer the questions?
- What data are needed to complete these analyses?
- What protocol is required to obtain these data?
- Can the data be collected in the time available?
- Modifying the planning in response to time available
- Creating data sheets
- Start and encounter reality
- 2. Principles of sampling
- Before one starts
- Objectives
- Know your organism
- Censuses and samples
- Know the reliability of your estimates
- Performing the calculations
- Sampling - the basics
- Defining sample units and the sampling frame
- The need for replication
- Ensuring that samples are representative
- Deviations from random
- The shape and size of sampling units
- Estimation of means and total population sizes
- The layout of samples
- Cluster sampling
- Multi-level sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Adaptive sampling
- Repeated counts at the same site
- Comparing two or more study areas
- Modelling spatial variation in numbers
- Surveillance and monitoring
- The difference between surveillance and monitoring
- Monitoring and adaptive management
- Sampling design for surveillance
- Describing long-term changes
- Alerts and indicators
- Planning and managing a monitoring programme
- References
- 3. General census methods
- Introduction
- Complete counts (1). General
- Not as easy as it seems
- Sampling the habitat
- Attempted complete enumeration
- Complete counts (2). Plotless sampling
- Sample counts (1). Mark-recapture methods
- Fundamentals of mark-recapture
- The two-sample method
- Multiple recaptures in closed populations
- Multiple recaptures in open populations
- The robust model
- What area does a trapping grid cover?
- Sample counts (2). Some other methods based on trapping
- The removal method
- The change-in-ratio method
- Simultaneous marking and recapture: the method of Wileyto et al.
- Continuous captures and recaptures: the Craig and du Feu method
- Passive distance sampling
- Sampling from the whole area
- Sample counts (3). 'Mark-recapture' without capture
- Marking without capture
- Individual recognition without capture
- The double-observer method
- The double-survey method
- Subdivided point counts
- Sample counts (4). N-mixture models
- Sample counts (5). Distance sampling
- General
- Line transects
- Point transects
- Passive distance sampling
- Sample counts (6). Interception methods
- Point quadrats
- Line intercepts (cover)
- Line intercepts (counts)
- Sample counts (7). Migrating animals
- Continuous migration
- Stop-over sites
- Population indices
- The idea of an index
- Overcoming variation in the index ratio
- Double sampling
- Frequency of occurrence
- Basics
- Managing the methodology
- Sampling strategy and statistical analysis for frequency of occurrence
- Subdivision of samples
- Appendix. Software packages for population estimation
- Capture-recapture: closed populations
- Capture-recapture: open populations
- Ring-recovery models
- Multi-state models
- Observation-based methods
- References
- 4. Plants
- Introduction
- Counts
- Dafor
- Quadrats
- Point quadrats
- Transects
- Mapping terrestrial vegetation
- Mapping aquatic vegetation
- Seed traps
- Sampling of seedbanks
- Phytoplankton
- Benthic algae
- Marking and mapping individuals
- References
- 5. Invertebrates
- Introduction
- Direct searching and collecting
- Trapping
- Extraction from the substrate
- Storing, killing and preserving invertebrates
- Searching and direct observation (terrestrial and aerial)
- Pitfall traps
- Sweep netting
- Vacuum sampling
- Beating
- Fogging
- Malaise traps
- Window or interception traps
- Water traps
- Light traps
- Other aerial attractants and traps
- Terrestrial emergence traps
- Digging and taking soil cores
- Litter samples and desiccation funnels
- Searching and direct observation (aquatic)
- Pond netting
- Cylinder samplers
- Aquatic bait traps
- Aquatic emergence traps
- Digging, taking benthic cores and using grabs
- Kick sampling
- References
- 6. Fish
- Introduction
- Bankside counts
- Underwater observations
- Electric fishing
- Seine netting
- Trawling
- Lift, throw and push netting
- Hook and lining
- Gill netting
- Trapping
- Hydroacoustics
- Visual estimates of eggs
- Volumetric estimates of eggs
- Plankton nets for catching eggs
- Emergence traps for eggs
- References
- 7. Amphibians
- Introduction
- Recognising individuals
- Detection probability
- Drift netting
- Scan searching
- Netting
- Trapping
- Transect and patch sampling
- Removal studies
- Call surveys
- Using multiple methods
- Recording other data
- References
- 8. Reptiles
- Introduction
- Hand capturing
- Noosing
- Trapping
- Marking individuals
- References
- 9. Birds
- Introduction
- Listing methods
- Timed species counts
- Territory mapping
- Transects
- Line transects
- Point counts or point transects
- Correcting for differences in detection probabilities
- Capture techniques
- Catch per unit effort
- Capture-mark-recapture
- Counting nests in colonies
- Counting roosts
- Counting flocks
- Counting migrants
- Indirect methods of censusing
- Dropping counts
- Footprints and tracking strips
- Response to playback
- Vocal individuality
- References
- 10. Mammals
- Introduction
- Nesting or resting structures
- Bat roosts and nurseries
- Line transects
- Aerial surveys
- Individual recognition
- Counting calls
- Trapping
- Counting dung
- Feeding signs for herbivores
- Counting footprints and runways
- Hair tubes and hair catchers
- Counting seal colonies
- References
- 11. Environmental variables
- Introduction
- Wind and water flow
- Wind
- Water flow
- Other kinds of water movement
- Rainfall
- Temperature
- Humidity
- pH
- Duration of sunshine
- Slope angles and height above shore
- Light
- Aquatic light
- Water turbidity
- Conductivity
- Salinity
- Preamble to water chemistry
- Dissolved oxygen
- Nitrogenous compounds
- Phosphorus compounds
- Water-testing kits
- Soil and sediment characteristics
- Redox potential
- Oxygen in soils and sediments
- References
- 12. The twenty commonest censusing sins
- Index
