Crime victims : an introduction to victimology /
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| Author / Creator: | Karmen, Andrew |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Monterey, Calif. : Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1984. |
| Description: | xvii, 269 p. ; 24 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Contemporary issues in crime and justice series |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | E-Resource Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/619668 |
Table of Contents:
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1. The Rediscovery of Crime Victims and the Rise of Victimology
- The Discovery, Decline, and Rediscovery of Crime Victims
- The Discovery of Crime Victims
- The Decline of Crime Victims
- The Rediscovery of Crime Victims
- Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims' Cause
- The News Media: Portraying the Victim's Plight
- Businesses: Selling Products and Services to Victims
- The Rise of Victimology
- The Emergence of a New Focus
- Box 1.1. Highlights in the Brief History of Victimology and Victim Assistance
- The Need for Objectivity
- Victimology Compared to Criminology
- What Victimologists Do
- Step 1. Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem
- Step 2. Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem
- Step 3. Investigate How Victims Are Handled
- Step 4. Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses
- Victimology Contributes to the Process of Rediscovering Victims
- Box 1.2. The Kinds of Studies Victimologists Undertake
- Stage 1. Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem
- Stage 2. Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms
- Stage 3. Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes
- Stage 4. Research and Temporary Resolution of the Dispute
- The Continuing Process of Rediscovery
- Box 1.3. Groups of Victims That Have Been Recently Rediscovered
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 2. Digging Up the Facts About Crime Victims
- Crime in the Streets: The Big Picture
- The Use and Abuse of Statistics
- A Closer Look at the Two Official Sources of Victimization Data
- The Uniform Crime Report
- The National Crime Victimization Survey
- Comparing the UCR and the NCVS
- Using Data to Bring the Big Picture Into Focus
- Searching for Crime Waves: Detecting Victimization Trends
- Changes Over Time in Violent Crime Rates
- Checking Out Whether More Robberies Are Turning into Murders
- Box 2.1. "Your Money or Your Life"
- Using the UCR to Analyze Murders
- Murderers and Their Victims
- Using the NCVS to Analyze Robberies
- Robbers and Their Victims
- Findings From the NCVS That Shed Light on Robberies
- Making International Comparisons
- Comparing the Murder Rates in Different Societies
- Assessing Comparative Risks
- Putting Crime Into Perspective
- Uncovering Victimization Patterns
- Recognizing Differential Risks
- Differential Risks of Being Murdered
- Differential Risks of Being Robbed
- Projecting Cumulative Risks
- Estimating Lifetime Likelihoods
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 3. The Victims' Contribution to the Crime Problem
- The Search for Risk Factors
- The Determinants of Differential Risks
- Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough?
- From Crime Prevention to Victimization Prevention
- Ambivalence About Risk Taking
- Deterrence Theory As Applied to Victims
- The Controversy Over Shared Responsibility
- Box 3.1. Expressions of Support for Inquiries Into the Victim's Role
- Victim Facilitation, Precipitation, and Provocation
- Victim Facilitation
- Victim Precipitation and Provocation
- The Frequency of Shared Responsibility in Violent Crimes
- Recognizing Complete Innocence and Full Responsibility
- Typologies of Shared Responsibility
- A Typology of Auto Theft Victims
- Victim Blaming Versus Victim Defending
- Victim Facilitation and Auto Theft: Is It the Careless Who Wind Up Carless?
- Box 3.2. Criticisms of the Notion of Shared Responsibility
- Blaming the Victim for Facilitating the Crime
- Box 3.3. Examples of "Motorist Blaming"
- Victim Precipitation and Rape: Was It Somehow Her Fault?
- Victim-Blaming Views
- Victim-Defending Perspectives
- Victim Provocation and Murder: When Is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified?
- Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Men Did Not Deserve to Die
- Arguments Emphasizing That the Brutal Men Provoked the Lethal Responses
- Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending
- The Legal Importance of Determining Responsibility
- Box 3.4. Prof Calls for Crackdown on Crime Victims
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 4. Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict
- Victims Versus the Criminal Justice System
- Box 4.1. Criticisms of the Way the Criminal Justice System Handles Victims
- What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? or Restitution?
- Box 4.2. The System's Shortcomings From a Victim's Point of View
- Victims and the Police
- Reporting Incidents
- Responding Quickly
- Investigating Complaints
- Judging Complaints to Be Unfounded
- Arresting Suspects
- Recovering Stolen Property
- Victims and Prosecutors
- Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State
- Protecting Victims Serving as Witnesses for the Prosecution
- Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases
- Negotiating Pleas
- Victims and Defense Attorneys
- Postponing Hearings
- Cross-examining Witnesses During Trials
- Victims and Judges
- Granting Bail
- Sentencing Offenders
- Appealing to the Supreme Court
- Box 4.3. Supreme Court Decisions Directly Affecting Victims
- Victims and Corrections Officials
- Contacting Parole Boards
- And Justice for All
- Recognizing "Second-class" Treatment
- Box 4.4. Which Victims Get Better Treatment?
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 5. Special Kinds of Victims: Problems and Solutions
- Missing Children
- Estimates of the Incidence and the Seriousness of the Problem
- Box 5.1. Highlights of the Rediscovery of the Missing Children Problem
- Box 5.2. How Often Are Children Kidnapped, and What Happens to Them?
- Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished
- Victimization Prevention Measures
- Physically and Sexually Abused Children
- The Rediscovery of Child Abuse
- Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Child Abuse
- More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse
- Accusations Made During Divorce Proceedings and Custody Battles
- The Furor Over Recalling Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
- Strange Allegations of Ritualistic Abuse by Satanic Cults
- Abused Children and Legal Proceedings
- Taking the Best Interests of the Child Into Account
- Handling Charges of Abuse
- Children as Witnesses
- Proactive Versus Reactive Strategies
- More Casualties of Domestic Violence
- Abuse of Adolescents by Parents
- Abuse of Parents by Adolescents
- Sibling Abuse
- Elder Abuse
- Violence Between Intimates
- The Rediscovery of Wife Beating
- Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Spouse Abuse
- Aiding Victims Who Feel Trapped
- Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: Violence Is Violence, or Is It?
- The Police Response
- The Prosecutorial Response
- The Judicial Response
- Preventing Battering
- The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings
- Battering Within Same-Sex Relationships
- The Controversy Surrounding Battered Husbands
- Victims of Sexual Assault
- The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims
- "Real Rapes" and "Date Rapes"
- The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted
- Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape
- The Controversy Over Date Rape on College Campuses
- How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims
- The Controversy Over Unfounded Accusations
- The Accuser Versus the Accused
- Rape Shield Laws
- Force and Resistance
- Corroboration
- Arrest, Prosecution, and Adjudication
- Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance
- Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals
- Reducing the Threat of Rape
- The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims
- Wives Raped by Their Husbands
- Sexually Assaulted Males
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 6. Repaying Victims
- Gaining Restitution From Offenders
- Back to Basics
- The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Restitution
- Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies
- Restitution as a Means of Repaying Victims
- Restitution as a Means of Rehabilitating Offenders
- Restitution as a Means of Reconciling Offenders and Their Victims
- Restitution as a Means of Punishing Offenders
- Opportunities Versus Obstacles
- Evaluating Restitution Programs
- Winning Judgments in Civil Court
- The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits
- The Litigation Process
- Possibilities and Pitfalls
- Collecting Damages From Third Parties
- Suing Private Enterprises
- Suing Government Bodies
- Collecting Insurance Reimbursements
- Private Crime Insurance
- Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement
- Federal Crime Insurance
- Recovering Losses by Turning to Compensation Programs
- Reimbursement From Government Funds
- The History of Victim Compensation by Governments
- The Debate Over Compensation in the United States
- How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences
- Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs
- Uncovering How Programs Work
- Measuring the Effects of Programs
- Confiscating Profits From Notorious Criminals
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- 7. Victims in the 21st Century: Alternative Directions
- Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the Criminal Justice System
- Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders
- Rights Gained at the Expense of the System
- Rights Gained at the Expense of Either Offenders or the System or Both
- Toward Restorative Justice
- Peacemaking
- How Reconciliation Programs Work
- Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation
- Pros and Cons From the Victim's Point of View
- Toward Retaliatory Justice
- Vigilantism's Frontier Origins
- Vigilantism Versus Legitimate Use of Force in Self-defense
- Would Potential Victims Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
- The Drift Back Toward Retaliatory Violence
- Chapter Summary
- Discussion Questions
- References
- Appendix
- Name Index
- Subject Index