Rational diagnosis and treatment : evidence-based clinical decision-making /
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| Author / Creator: | Gøtzsche, Peter C. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | 4th ed. |
| Imprint: | Chichester, England ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, c2007. |
| Description: | xiv, 229 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | E-Resource Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/6815471 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1. The Foundation of Clinical Decisions
- The clinical decision process
- Clinical data
- Scales of measurement
- Taking the history
- The physical examination
- Paraclinical findings
- Global assessments
- 2. Reliability and Relevance of Clinical Data
- Clinical data on an interval scale
- Clinical data on an ordinal scale
- Clinical data on a binary scale
- Descriptive paraclinical findings
- Descriptive physical signs
- The statistical concept of normality
- The concept of disease
- Interpretation and relevance
- Indicators
- 3. The Disease Classification
- The historical perspective
- The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
- The nineteenth and twentieth centuries
- The theoretical perspective
- The mechanical model of disease
- Molecular biology
- Disease and the environment
- The practical perspective
- Name of disease
- Definition
- Causes of disease (aetiology and pathogenesis)
- The clinical picture
- Diagnosis and treatment
- 4. Diagnosis
- The diagnostic universe
- Diagnosis of diseases with an accessible defining criterion
- The direct method for assessing the accuracy of test results
- The indirect method for assessing the accuracy of test results
- Terminological confusion
- Quantitative data
- Diagnosis of disease with a concealed defining criterion
- Syndrome diagnosis
- Three patients
- Diagnosis in practice
- Frequential and subjective probabilities
- Diagnostic strategy
- 5. Uncontrolled Experience
- Uncontrolled experience in a pre-scientific era
- The numerical method
- The era of laboratory research
- The spontaneous course of the disease
- Regression towards the mean
- Run of luck
- Bias
- The placebo effect
- The need for controlled experience
- Alternative edicine: pseudoscientific thinking
- 6. The Randomized Clinical Trial
- Selection of patients
- Randomization
- Choice of treatment in the control group
- Principles of blinding
- Cross-over trials
- Measures of benefits and harms
- Stopping rules
- Assessment of the results
- Statistical analysis
- Hypothesis testing
- Estimation
- Other statistical measures of effect
- Subgroup analyses
- Systematic reviews
- From trials to practice
- Evidence-based medicine and commercial pressures
- 7. Medicine and the Humanities
- The four components of clinical reasoning
- The empathic-hermeneutic component
- The ethical component
- Three kinds of norms
- The foundation of health care ethics
- The structure of ethical reasoning
- Assessment of the facts of the case
- Consequential considerations
- Deontological considerations
- The ethical decision
- Quality of life
- Autonomy and paternalism
- Clinical examples
- Clinical research ethics
- 8. Critical Reading of Medical Journals
- Logical analysis of medical papers
- Assets and limitations of cohort studies
- Assets and limitations of case-control studies
- Other designs
- Descriptive statistics
- Estimation
- Testing hypotheses
- Pseudohypothetico-deductive logic
- Wrong sampling unit
- Sample size calculations
- Interpretation of P-values
- Statistical tests
- Examples
- Correlation analysis
- Life table analysis
- References
- Index
