On the origin of phyla /
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| Author / Creator: | Valentine, James W. |
|---|---|
| Edition: | Paperback ed. |
| Imprint: | Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2006, c2004. |
| Description: | xxiv, 614 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/7728978 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- Part 1. Evidence of the Origins of Metazoan Phyla
- 1. The Nature of Phyla
- Phyla Are Morphologically Based Branches of the Tree of Life
- Genealogical Histories Can Be Traced in Trees, Which Are Positional Structures
- Natural Biological Hierarchies Are Nested Structures of Functional Entities That Emerge When Complex Systems Are Organized
- Natural Hierarchies Are Formed by Trees
- The Linnean Hierarchy Is Quasi-Natural
- Trees and Hierarchies Have Very Distinct Properties
- Cladistics Is a Systematics Based on Trees
- Phyla Have Split Personalities
- Molecular Branchings Can Define Clades, while Morphological Features Define Linnean Taxa
- Bodyplans Consist of Evolutionarily Disparate Features
- Systematic Hierarchies and Trees: A Summary
- 2. Design Elements in the Bodyplans of Phyla
- Cells Are the Basic Building Blocks of Metazoan Bodies
- Cells Are Integrated into Tissues by Protein Bindings or Matrices
- Metazoans Have Several Major Types of Tissues
- Organs and Organ Systems Are Formed of Tissues
- Organisms Are Best Understood as Developmental Systems
- Many Bodyplan Features Reflect Locomotory Techniques
- Symmetry and Seriation Are the Principal Descriptors of Body Style
- Evolutionary Changes in Body Size Occur throughout Metazoan History
- Morphological Complexity Is Not a Simple Topic
- 3. Development and Bodyplans
- The Evolution of Developmental Systems Underpins the Evolution of Bodyplans
- The English Language and Genomes Both Have Combinatorial, Hierarchical Structures
- The Metazoan Gene Is a Complex of Regulatory, Transcribed, and Translated Parts
- Regulatory Signals Are Produced by Trans-Regulatory Systems
- Genomic Complexity Is a Function of Gene Numbers and Interactions
- Metazoan Genomes Display Surprising Patterns of Similarities and Differences among Taxa
- Developmental Genomes May Evolve on Many, Semidecomposable Levels
- Regulatory Gene Systems Organize Complexity
- 4. Morphological and Molecular Phylogenies
- Assumed Evolutionary Histories Affect Morphologically Based Phylogenetic Hypotheses
- Many of the Classic Phylogenetic Hypotheses Involve Assumptions as to the Phylogenetic History of the Coelom
- Evolutionary Histories Affect Molecularly Based Estimates of the Timing, Branching Patterns, and Order of Origins of Phyla
- Morphological and Molecular Homologies Are Decomposable
- There Is a Large Variety of Ways to Form Trees from Molecular Sequences
- Although Molecular Phylogenies Produce Conflicting Topologies, They Have Also Produced a Growing Consensus on Major Alliances of Phyla
- Combined Morphological/Molecular Phylogenies of Phyla May Require Improved Assessments of Homologies to Be Successful
- Stratigraphic Data Can Add Useful Information to Phylogenetic Hypotheses
- The Alliances of Phyla Indicated by Molecular Methods Provide Evidence for Evaluating the Origin and Early History of Phyla
- 5. The Fossil Record
- The Stratigraphic Record Is Incomplete in a Spotty Way
- The Marine Fossil Record, while Incomplete, Yields Useful Samples of a Rather Consistent Fraction of the Fauna
- There Are Ways of Coping with Incomplete Records
- The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Fossil Record Provides the Only Direct Evidence of Early Metazoan Bodyplans
- There Is a Vast Range of Hypotheses That Attempt to Explain the Cambrian Explosion
- In Sum, the Cambrian Fossils Imply an Explosion of Bodyplans, but the Underlying Causes Remain Uncertain
- Part 2. The Metazoan Phyla
- 6. Prebilaterians and Earliest Crown Bilaterians
- Sponges and Spongiomorphs
- Cnidarians and Cnidariomorphs
- Ctenophora
- Placozoa
- Myxozoa
- Diversification of Prebilaterian Metazoa
- Acoelomorpha: Earliest Crown Bilaterians?
- 7. Protostomes: The Ecdysozoa
- Priapulida
- Kinorhyncha
- Loricifera
- Nematomorpha
- Nematoda
- Paleoscolecidae
- Relationships of Paracoelomate Ecdysozoans
- Onychophora
- Tardigrada
- Arthropoda
- Some Branch Points within the Ecdysozoa
- Early History of the Lobopodian and Arthropodan Clades
- 8. Protostomes: Lophotrochozoa 1: Eutrochozoans
- Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora and Catenulida
- Mollusca and Mollusklike Forms
- Annelida
- Sipuncula
- Nemertea
- Mesozoans: Rhombozoa and Orthonectida
- Fossil Groups That May Be Eutrochozoans
- Possible Branch Points within Eutrochozoa
- 9. Protostomes: Lophotrochozoa 2: Lophophorates
- Bryozoa
- Phoronida
- Brachiopoda
- Lophophorate Relationships
- 10. Protostomes: Paracoelomates
- Gastrotricha
- Rotifera
- Acanthocephala
- Entoprocta
- Cycliophora
- Gnathostomulida
- Chaetognatha
- Phylogenetic Schemes for Paracoelomates
- 11. Deuterostomes
- Hemichordata
- Echinodermata
- Vetulicolia
- Invertebrate Chordata
- Early Vertebrata
- Chordate Ancestry
- Part 3. Evolution of the Phyla
- 12. Phanerozoic History of Phyla
- Diversification Patterns of Higher Taxa with Mineralized Skeletons Can Be Evaluated by Richnesses and Disparities
- Macroevolutionary Dynamics of Phyla Run the Gamut from Stability to Volatility
- Clade Histories of Invertebrate Taxa with Mineralized Skeletons Reflect Turnover Dynamics
- Is the Number of Phyla Related to the Gross Heterogeneity of the Marine Environment?
- The Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian Pattern of Appearances Is Consistent with Patterns Found throughout the Phanerozoic
- 13. Metazoan Evolution during the Prelude to the Cambrian Explosion
- Metazoan Multicellularity Evolved from Protistan Pluricellularity
- Diploblastic Somatic Architecture Evolved from Sponges
- The Nature of Early Bilateria Is Widely Debated
- A Benthic Hypothesis Can Explain Both Fossil and Molecular Data and Is Not Incompatible with Developmental Patterns
- Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Endomesoderm Are Probably Homologous throughout the Eumetazoa
- Crown Paracoelomate Bodyplans Largely Represent a Radiation of Small-Bodied Protostomes
- Metazoan Complexity Increased before the Cambrian Explosion, Perhaps Chiefly during the Early Cambrian
- 14. Metazoan Evolution during the Cambrian Explosion and Its Aftermath
- Independent Trends in Body-Size Increases Produced the Major Bilaterian Alliances
- The Homology of Body Cavities across Bilateria Is Unlikely
- Systems Associated with Body Cavities, Such as Blood Vascular and Nephridial Systems, May Be Homoplastic
- Body-Size Increases Are Consistent with the Early Cambrian Evolution of Planktotrophy and Divergences in Early Development
- There Are Similarities in the Gross Morphological Adaptations of Some Phyla in the Separate Alliances
- The Cambrian Explosion Produced Widespread Homoplasy: A Summary
- Much Evolution of the Developmental Genome Occurred in the Service of Bodyplan Originations: A Summary
- Why Are Problems of Early Metazoan Evolution So Hard?
- Appendix. The Geologic Time Scale
- Glossary
- References
- Index