Solvent microextraction : theory and practice /
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| Author / Creator: | Kokosa, John M., 1945- |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, c2009. |
| Description: | xiv, 323 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/7846382 |
Table of Contents:
- Preface
- 1. Solvent Microextraction: Comparison With Other Popular Sample Preparation Methods
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods
- 1.2.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- 1.2.2. Liquid-Solid Extraction
- 1.2.3. Headspace Extraction
- 1.2.4. Solid-Phase Microextraction
- 1.2.5. Solvent Microextraction
- 1.3. Summary
- References
- 2. Basic Modes of Operation for Solvent Microextraction
- 2.1. Basic Principles of SME
- 2.1.1. Introduction
- 2.1.2. Comparison of Classical Solvent Extraction and SME
- 2.2. Extraction Modes
- 2.2.1. Direct-Immersion Modes
- 2.2.2. Headspace Modes
- 2.2.3. Static vs. Dynamic Extraction Modes
- 2.3. Solvents
- 2.3.1. General Rules for Choosing a Solvent
- 2.3.2. Internal and Surrogate Standards
- References
- 3. Theory Of Solvent Microextraction
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Thermodynamics
- 3.2.1. Phase Distribution: Fundamental Considerations
- 3.2.2. Solvation and Solvent Selection
- 3.2.3. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients and Henry's Law Constants
- 3.2.4. Temperature and Salt Effects
- 3.2.5. Solute Equilibria and Speciation: pH and Back-Extraction
- 3.2.6. Dissolution and Evaporation of Solvent
- 3.2.7. Interfacial Adsorption
- 3.3. Kinetics
- 3.3.1. Diffusive Mass Transfer and Fick's Laws
- 3.3.2. Convective-Diffusive Mass Transfer
- 3.3.3. Two-Phase Kinetics
- 3.3.4. Three-Phase Kinetics
- 3.4. Calibration Methods
- 3.5. Summary
- References
- 4. Practical Considerations For Using Solvent Microextraction
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. General Recommendations
- 4.3. General Questions to Consider Before Performing an Analysis
- 4.3.1. What Are the Properties of the Chemicals to Be Extracted?
- 4.3.2. What Type of Sample Matrix Will Be Analyzed?
- 4.3.3. What Analytical Instrumentation Is Available?
- 4.3.4. What Is the Concentration of the Analyte?
- 4.4. Choosing the SME Mode
- 4.4.1. Direct-Immersion Single-Drop Microextraction
- 4.4.2. Headspace Extraction
- 4.4.3. Dynamic Extraction
- 4.4.4. Hollow Fiber-Protected Microextraction
- 4.4.5. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
- 4.5. Extraction Solvent
- 4.6. Sample Volumes
- 4.7. Syringe and Microdrop
- 4.8. Chromatography and Detector Requirements
- 4.9. Additional Extraction Parameters
- 4.9.1. Sample Agitation
- 4.9.2. Ionic Strength
- 4.9.3. Extraction Temperature and Extraction Time
- 4.9.4. Chemical Effects
- 4.10. Calculation Examples for SDME
- 4.11. Calculation Examples for DLLME and HEME
- 4.12. Calculation Examples for the Effect of Ionic Strength on SDME
- 4.13. Calculation Examples for HS-SDME
- 4.14. Calculation Examples for the Effect of Ionic Strength on HS-SDME
- 4.15. Calculation Examples for Static Headspace Extraction
- 4.15.1. Benzene: Static Headspace at Equilibrium
- 4.15.2. Naphthalene: Static Headspace at Equilibrium
- 4.15.3. Pyrene: Static Headspace at Equilibrium
- 4.16. Calculation Examples for Solvent Solubility
- References
- 5. Method Development In Solvent Microextraction
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Extraction Mode Selection
- 5.3. Static vs. Dynamic Extraction
- 5.4. Selection of Manual vs. Automated Extraction
- 5.5. Selection of Direct vs. Derivatization SME
- 5.5.1. Preextraction Derivatization
- 5.5.2. Concurrent Extraction-Derivatization
- 5.5.3. Postextraction Derivatization
- 5.6. Extraction Solvent Selection
- 5.7. Selection of Final Determination Method
- 5.8. Selection of Extraction Optimization Method
- 5.9. Optimization of Extraction Conditions
- 5.9.1. Optimization of Sample Volume
- 5.9.2. Optimization of Headspace Volume
- 5.9.3. Optimization of Solvent Volume
- 5.9.4. Optimization of Sample Flow Rate
- 5.9.5. Optimization of Extraction Time
- 5.9.6. Optimization of Sample and Solvent Temperature
- 5.9.7. Optimization of pH of Sample and Acceptor Solution
- 5.9.8. Optimization of Ionic Strength
- 5.9.9. Optimization of Agitation Method and Rate
- 5.9.10. Selection of Fiber Type and Length
- 5.9.11. Optimization of Dynamic Mode Parameters
- 5.9.12. Analytical Characteristics of SME Procedures and Quantitative Analysis
- References
- 6. Applications
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Gaseous Samples
- 6.3. Liquid Samples
- 6.4. Solid Samples
- 6.5. Environmental Applications of SME
- 6.5.1. Volatile Hydrocarbons
- 6.5.2. Volatile Halocarbons
- 6.5.3. Volatile Polar Solvents
- 6.5.4. Nonpolar Semivolatile Compounds
- 6.5.5. Polar Semivolatile Compounds
- 6.5.6. Metal Ions, Metalloid Ions, and Organometallic Compounds
- 6.5.7. Other Inorganic Analytes
- 6.5.8. Pesticides
- 6.6. Clinical' and Forensic Applications of SME
- 6.7. Application of SME in Food and Beverage Analysis
- 6.8. Application of SME in the Analysis of Plant Material
- 6.9. Application of SME in the Analysis of Consumer Products and Pharmaceuticals
- 6.10. Outlook for Future Analytical Applications of SME
- 6.11. Physicochemical Applications of SME
- 6.11.1. Study of Drug-Protein Binding
- 6.11.2. Study of Kinetics of the Partitioning Process
- 6.11.3. Study of Mechanistic Aspects of In-Drop Derivatization
- 6.11.4. Pharmacokinetic Studies Using SME
- 6.11.5. Determination of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by SME
- References
- 7. SME Experiments
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Recommended Experimental Conditions
- 7.3. Determination of Gasoline Diluents in Motor Oil by HS-SDME
- 7.3.1. Experimental
- 7.3.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.3.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.4. Determination of BTEX in Water by HS-SDME
- 7.4.1. Experimental
- 7.4.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.4.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.5. Analysis of Halogenated Disinfection By-Products by SDME and HS-SDME
- 7.5.1. Experimental: HS-SDME
- 7.5.2. Experimental: SDME
- 7.5.3. Results and Discussion
- 7.5.4. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.6. Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by SDME and HS-SDME
- 7.6.1. Experimental: HS-SDME
- 7.6.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.6.3. Experimental: SDME
- 7.6.4. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.7. Analysis of Residual Solvents in Drug Products by HS-SDME
- 7.7.1. Experimental: Manual HS-SDME
- 7.7.2. Results and Conclusions
- 7.7.3. Experimental: Automated HS-SME
- 7.7.4. Results and Conclusions
- 7.7.5. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.8. Arson Accelerant Analyses by HS-SDME
- 7.8.1. Experimental
- 7.8.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.8.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.9. Analysis of PAHs by SDME
- 7.9.1. Experimental: SDME Extractions of PAHs from Aqueous Samples
- 7.9.2. Results and Conclusions
- 7.9.3. Experimental: HS-SDME Extractions of PAHs from Aqueous Solutions
- 7.9.4. Results and Conclusions
- 7.9.5. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.10. Determination of Acetone in Aqueous Solutions by Derivatization HS-SDME
- 7.10.1. Experimental
- 7.10.2. Results and Conclusions
- 7.10.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.11. Determination of Pesticides in Soil by HF(2)ME
- 7.11.1. Experimental
- 7.11.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.11.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- 7.12. Determination of PAHs and HOCs by DLLME
- 7.12.1. Experimental: Extraction of PAHs from Water
- 7.12.2. Experimental: Extraction of HOCs from Water
- 7.12.3. Results and Conclusions
- 7.12.4. Additional Experiment Recommendations
- 7.13. Dynamic Headspace and Direct Immersion Extractions (DY-SME)
- 7.13.1. Experimental
- 7.13.2. Results and Discussion
- 7.13.3. Additional Experimental Recommendations
- References
- Acronyms And Abbreviations
- Appendix SME Modes: Classification And Glossary
- Index
