The vestibular system : a sixth sense /
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| Imprint: | New York : Oxford University Press, c2012. |
|---|---|
| Description: | xiii, 541 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm. |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/8688259 |
Table of Contents:
- Part I. Introduction
- 1. The Vestibular System in Everyday Life
- 1.1. Overview of the Vestibular System
- 1.2. Visual Acuity and the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
- 1.3. Air-Righting Reflex in the Cat
- 1.4. Post-Rotational Reactions
- 1.5. Positional Alcohol Nystagmus
- 1.6. Motion Sickness
- 1.7. Vection Illusions
- 1.8. The Subjective Visual Vertical
- 1.9. Adaptive Plasticity
- 1.10. Path Finding and Spatial Orientation
- 1.11. Postural Control
- 1.12. Summary
- 1.13. Selected Readings
- Part II. Peripheral Vestibular System
- 2. Structure of the Vestibular Labyrinth
- 2.1. Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
- 2.2. Fine Structure of the Sensory Regions
- Hair Cells
- Supporting Cells
- Transitional Regions
- 2.3. Regional Variations in Cellular Architecture and Afferent Innervation
- Crista Ampullaris
- Utricular Macula
- Saccular Macula
- 2.4. Efferent Innervation
- 2.5. Summary
- 2.6. Selected Readings
- 3. Hair Cell Transduction
- 3.1. Mechanoelectric Transduction
- 3.2. Basolateral Currents
- 3.3. Neurotransmitter Release and Presynaptic Calcium Channels
- Calcium Channels
- Neurotransmitter Release
- 3.4. Postsynaptic Mechanisms
- 3.5. Synaptic Transmission Involving Type I Hair Cells
- 3.6. Spike Encoding
- 3.7. Efferent Neurotransmission
- 3.8. Summary
- 3.9. Selected Readings
- 4. Physiology of the Vestibular Organs
- 4.1. General Features of the Vestibular Organs
- Vestibular Organs Are Inertial Sensors
- Resting Discharge
- Discharge Regularity
- Information Transmission
- 4.2. Semicircular Canals
- Directional Properties
- Macromechanics and the Torsion-Pendulum Model
- Interspecies Variations and Canal Dimensions
- Afferent Response Dynamics
- Variations in Gain and Phase
- Afferent Morphology and Physiology
- Dynamic Range of Afferent Discharge
- 4.3. Otolidi Organs
- Directional Properties
- Macromechanics and the Otoconial Membrane
- Afferent Response Dynamics
- Dynamic Range of Afferent Discharge
- Variations in Gain and Phase
- Afferent Morphology and Physiology
- 4.4. Summary
- 4.5. Selected Readings
- 5. The Efferent Vestibular System
- 5.1. Comparative Anatomy of Central Efferent Pathways
- 5.2. Responses of Afferents to Electrical Activation of the EVS
- Mammals
- Non-Mammals
- 5.3. Responses of Efferents to Natural Stimulation
- 5.4. Efferent-Mediated Responses of Afferents
- 5.5. Possible Functions of Efferents in Mammals
- 5.6. Summary
- 5.7. Selected Readings
- Part III. Central Vestibular System
- 6. Neuroanatomy of Central Vestibular Pathways
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. The Vestibular Nuclei: Subdivisions and Anatomical Organization
- Medial Vestibular Nucleus
- Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
- Superior Vestibular Nucleus
- Descending Vestibular Nucleus
- y Group
- Interstitial Nucleus of the Vestibular Nerve
- Associated Cell Groups
- Projection and Intrinsic Neurons
- Connections with the Ipsilateral Vestibular Nerve
- Commissural Pathways
- 6.3. Vestibulo-Ocular and Optokinetic Systems
- Semicircular Canal Projections to Oculomotor Neurons
- Otolith Projections to Oculomotor Neurons
- Nucleus Propositus Hypoglossi
- Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal
- Reticular Formation
- Optokinetic Padiways
- 6.4. Vestibulospinal Systems
- Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
- Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
- Vestibulo-Ocular Cervical Padiways
- Odier Vestibulospinal Tracts
- Reticulospinal Tracts
- Spinal Projections to the Vestibular Nuclei
- 6.5. Vestibulocerebellar Relations
- Functional Organization
- Basic Circuitry
- Vestibular Projections to the Cerebellum
- Prepositus Nucleus
- Projections from the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei to the Vestibular Nuclei
- Projections from the Cerebellar Cortex to the Vestibular Nuclei
- Cerebellar Cortical Modules
- Lateral Reticular Nucleus
- Vestibulo-Paramedian Tract Projections
- 6.6. Vestibulo-Autonomic Connections
- 6.7. Vestibular Connections with the Neocortex
- 6.8. Pathways Involving the Hippocampal Formation
- 6.9. Summary
- 6.10. Selected Readings
- 6.11. List of Abbreviations
- 7. Synaptic Mechanisms in the Vestibular Nuclei
- 7.1. Historical Perspective
- 7.2. Basic Circuitry of the Vestibular Nuclei
- Ipsilateral Vestibular Nerve Inputs
- Commissural Connections
- 7.3. Neurotransmitters in the Vestibular Nuclei
- Transmission between the Vestibular Nerve and Secondary Neurons
- Transmission within the Vestibular Nuclei
- Output Pathways of the Vestibular Nuclei
- 7.4. Properties of Individual Neurons
- Resting Discharge
- In vitro Electrophysiology
- 7.5. Central Projections of Regular and Irregular Afferents
- Intracellular Labeling of Vestibular-Nerve Fibers
- Electrophysiological Studies
- Functional Ablation of Irregular Afferents
- 7.6. Convergence from Separate Vestibular Organs
- Canal-Canal Convergence
- Otolith-Otolith Convergence
- Spatio-Temporal Convergence
- Canal-Otolith Convergence
- 7.7. Convergence from Somatosensory Receptors
- Input from Neck Afferents
- Input from Limb Afferents
- Neck-Vestibular Convergence in the Vestibular Nuclei
- 7.8. Summary
- 7.9. Selected Readings
- Part IV. Vestibulo-Ocular and Vestibulospinal Mechanisms
- 8. An Oculomotor Tutorial
- 8.1. Overview and Classification of Eye Movement Types
- 8.2. Ocular Structure and Functional Implications
- The Extraocular Eye Muscles
- Mechanics of the Oculomotor Plant
- Oculomotor Motoneuron Discharge
- Plant Mechanics and Premotor Control
- 8.3. Gaze Redirection
- Saccades
- Smooth Pursuit
- Vergence
- 8.4. Gaze Stabilization
- Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
- Optokinetic System
- 8.5. Interactions between Eye and Head Movements
- 8.6. Summary
- 8.7. Selected Readings
- 9. Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
- 9.1. Semicircular-Canal-Related Angular VOR
- General Properties of the Canal-Related AVOR
- AVOR during High-Frequency Rotations
- AVOR at Low Frequencies: Velocity Storage
- AVOR-Visual Interactions: The Optokinetic System
- AVOR in Three Dimensions
- 9.2. Otolith-Ocular Reflexes
- Tilt VOR
- Otolith Influences on the AVOR during Off-Vertical Axis Rotations
- Otolith Influences on the AVOR during Canal-Otolith Conflict
- Translational VOR (TVOR)
- Optic Flow during Translation
- TVOR Properties
- Visual Mechanisms for Short Latency Visual Compensation during Translation
- Distinguishing Tilts from Translations
- Differences between the AVOR and the TVOR
- Comparative Adaptations
- 9.3. Summary
- 9.4. Selected Readings
- 10. The Vestibulospinal System and Postural Control
- 10.1. Reflexes Versus Multisensory Strategies
- 10.2. Multisensory Strategies
- 10.3. Vestibular Reflexes: General Considerations
- 10.4. Vestibulocollic Reflexes (VCR)
- The Angular VCR
- The Linear VCR Evoked by Translation and Tilts
- The Cervicocollic Reflex
- 10.5. Control Systems Analysis of the Head-Neck Plant
- Head Plant
- Vestibulocollic Reflex
- Cervicocollic Reflex
- Reflex Interactions
- Use of Control Systems Models
- 10.6. Vestibulospinal and Neck Reflexes Acting on the Limbs
- Spatial and Temporal Properties of the Reflexes
- Afferent Origin of the Reflexes
- Neural Substrate of the Reflexes
- Vestibulospinal Actions on Hindlimb Motoneurons
- Vestibulospinal Actions on Forelimb Motoneurons
- Actions on Fusimotor Neurons
- Tonic Neck Reflexes
- 10.7. Summary
- 10.8. Selected Readings
- Part V. Signal Processing in Alert Animals
- 11. Signal Processing in Vestibular Nuclei (Vn) of Alert Animals During Natural Behaviors
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Classes of Neurons in Head-Restrained, Alert Monkeys
- Position-Vestibular-Pause (PVP) Neurons
- Vestibular Only (VO) and Vestibular-Pause Cells
- Eye-Head (EH) Neurons
- Burst-Tonic (BT) Neurons
- 11.3. Dynamics of Neuronal Responses
- Frequency Response during Sinusoidal Rotations
- Response Linearity
- Velocity Storage
- 11.4. Response to Linear Translations in Alert Head-Restrained Monkeys
- Distinguishing Translation from Tilt
- 11.5. Interactions with the Oculomotor Pathways that Control Pursuit Eye Movements
- 11.6. Integration of Inputs from Vestibular and Optokinetic Pathways
- VN Modulation during the OKR
- Optokinetic Pathways to the VN
- 11.7. Integration of Vestibular and Proprioceptive Inputs
- 11.8. Differential Processing of Active Versus Passive Head Movements
- Neuronal Responses during Active Versus Passive Head Movement
- Mechanisms for the Differential Processing of Active Versus Passive Head Movement
- 11.9. Vestibular Processing Depends on Current Gaze Strategy
- Vestibular Processing during Voluntary Gaze Shifts
- Vestibular Processing during Visual Tracking; VOR Cancellation and Eye-Head Pursuit
- Vestibular Processing during Near Versus Far Viewing
- 11.10. Summary
- 11.11. Selected Readings
- 12. The Cerebellum and the Vestibular System
- 12.1. Overview of Signal Processing in the Cerebellum
- The Basic Cerebellar Circuit
- Vestibular Inputs Are Specific to Localized Regions of the Cerebellum
- 12.2. Nodulus and Ventral Uvula
- Mossy Fiber Inputs
- Climbing Fiber Inputs
- Efferent Connections
- Neuronal Responses
- Lesions and Function
- 12.3. Flocculus and Ventral Paraflocculus
- Mossy Fiber Inputs
- Climbing Fiber Inputs
- Efferent Projections of the Flocculus
- Differences between the Flocculus and Ventral Paraflocculus
- Neuronal Responses
- Complex Spikes
- Simple Spikes
- Changes in Neuronal Responses following VOR Learning
- Lesions and Function
- Lesions Studies Emphasize the Role of the Flocculus in VOR Adaptation and Motor Learning
- 12.4. The Vermis of the Anterior and Posterior Lobes
- 12.5. The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
- Fastigial Nucleus
- Rostral Fastigial Nucleus
- Caudal Fastigial Nucleus
- The Interposed Nuclei
- Dentate Nuclei
- 12.6. Summary
- 12.7. Selected Readings
- Part VI. Functional Considerations
- 13. Learning and Compensation in the Vestibular System
- 13.1. Motor Learning in the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
- The Adaptive Capabilities of the VOR
- Signal Flow in the VOR Network
- Rules for the VOR and Motor Learning
- Possible Sites of Motor Learning: Cerebellum Versus; Brain Stem
- Evidence for Sites of Learning and Memory
- Possible Cellular Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
- Consolidation of VOR Motor Memory
- Generalization: Can Learning Be Applied to New Situations?
- 13.2. Compensation for Vestibular Damage
- Uninilateral Labyrinthectomy
- Activity in the Vestibular Nuclei following Labyrinthectomy
- Cellular Mechanisms of Compensation in the Vestibular Nuclei
- The Role of the Cerebellum in Compensation
- 13.3. Summary
- 13.4. Selected Readings
- 14. Cortical Representations of Vestibular Information
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Historical Perspective
- 14.3. Multiple Representations of Vestibular Signals in the Cerebral Cortex
- Visuomotor Areas in Frontal Cortex
- Extrastriate Visual Cortex
- Ventral Intraparietal Area
- Parieto-Insular Vestibular Cortex, Area 2v and Area 3a
- 14.4. Ascending Vestibular Pathways through the Thalamus
- 14.5. Descending Cortical Information Affecting Vestibular Responsiveness in the Vestibular Nuclei
- 14.6. Vestibular Influences in the Head-Direction Circuit of the Limbic System
- 14.7. Summary
- 14.8. Selected Readings
- 15. Reference Frames for the Coding of Vestibular Signals
- 15.1. Definitions of Coordinate Systems and Reference Frames
- 15.2. Head- Versus Body-Centered Reference Frames: Vestibular-Neck Proprioceptive Interactions
- 15.3. Head- Versus Eye-Centered Reference Frames for Self-Motion Perception: Vestibular-Visual Interactions in Extrastriate Visual Cortex
- 15.4. Head- Versus World-Centered Reference Frames: Canal-Otolith Convergence for Inertial Motion Detection
- 15.5. Computational Solution for the Two Ambiguities of Peripheral Vestibular Sensors
- The Rotation Problem: Allocentric Coding of Angular Velocity
- The Linear Acceleration Problem: Evidence for Segregation of Tilt and Translation
- Tilt-Translation Exceptions
- Neural Representations of Inertial Motion
- Implications for Canal-Canal and Otolith-Canal Convergence
- Multisensory Influences
- 15.6. Summary
- 15.7. Selected Readings
- Part VII. Clinical Disorders
- 16. Clinical Manifestations of Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction
- 16.1. Prevalence and Impact of Vestibular Disorders
- 16.2. Diagnosis of Vestibular Disorders
- 16.3. Planes of Individual Canals and Direction of Eye Movements
- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
- Positional Alcohol Nystagmus
- Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome
- 16.4. Recovery of the Horizontal VOR after Unilateral Labyrinthectomy
- 16.5. Multisensory Control of Posture
- 16.6. Disorders of Otolith Function
- 16.7. Clinical Tests of Vestibular Function
- Caloric Test
- Rotational Chair Tests
- Quantitative Evaluation of the VOR Evoked by Rapid Head Movements
- Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials
- 16.8. Future Directions
- Hair-Cell Regeneration
- Vestibular Prosthesis
- 16.9. Summary
- 16.10. Selected Readings
- Index
