The generals : American military command from World War II to today /

History has been kinder to the American generals of World War II - Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, and Bradley - than to the generals of the wars that followed. Is this merely nostalgia? In The Generals , Thomas E. Ricks answers the question definitively- No, it is not, in no small part because of a widening gulf between performance and accountability. During the Second World War, scores of American generals were relieved of command simply for not being good enough. Today, as one American colonel said bitterly during the Iraq War, 'As matters stand now, a private who loses a rifle suffers far greater consequences than a general who loses a war.'

In The Generals we meet great leaders and suspect ones, generals who rose to the occasion and those who failed themselves and their soldiers. Marshall and Eisenhower cast long shadows over this story, but it has no more inspiring single figure than Marine General O. P. Smith, whose fighting retreat from the Chinese onslaught into Korea in the winter of 1950 snatched a kind of victory from the jaws of annihilation.

But Korea also showed the first signs of an Army leadership culture that neither punished mediocrity nor particularly rewarded daring. In the Vietnam War, the problem grew worse, until finally American military leadership bottom out. The My Lai massacre, Ricks shows us, was the emblematic event in this dark chapter of our history. In the wake of Vietnam, a battle for the soul of the U.S. Army was waged with impressive success. It became a transformed institution, reinvigorated from the bottom up. But if the body was highly toned, its head still suffered from familiar problems, resulting in tactically savvy but strategically obtuse leadership that would win battles but end wars badly from the first Iraq War of 1990 through to the present.

Ricks has made a close study of America's military leaders for three decades, and in his hands this story resounds with larger meaning- about the transmission of values, about strategic thinking, about the difference between an organization that learns and one that fails.