Evolution's destiny : co-evolving chemistry of the environment and life /
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| Imprint: | Cambridge, UK : RSC Pub., c2012. |
|---|---|
| Description: | xxi, 319 p. : ill. ; 24 cm |
| Language: | English |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | Print Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/9141669 |
Table of Contents:
- Glossary
- Abbreviations
- About the Authors
- Chapter 1. Outline of the Main Chemical Factors in Evolution
- 1.1. Introduction to the Chemistry of the Ecosystem
- 1.1.1. The Involvement of the Elements in Evolution
- 1.2. Equilibrium and Steady State Conditions
- 1.3. Solubility
- 1.4. Complex Ion Formation
- 1.5. Standard Oxidation/Reduction Potentials
- 1.6. Rate Controls and Catalysis
- 1.7. The Dangers of Catalysis
- 1.8. Diffusion
- 1.9. Irreversibility, Chaos and Predictability
- 1.10. Summary
- References
- Chapter 2. Geological Evolution with Some Biological Intervention
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Physical Evolution from the Earliest Times to Today
- 2.3. The Value of Isotope Studies: Indicators of Chemical Changes and Geochemical Dates
- 2.4. The Early Chemical Development of the Environment before 3.0 Ga
- 2.5. Energy Capture and Surface Geochemical Changes: The Beginning of Organic Chemistry and Oxygen in the Atmosphere
- 2.6. The Environment after 3.0 Ga: Revolution in Redox Chemistry before 0.54 Ga
- 2.7. Sulfur Isotope Fractionation from 3.5 to 0.5 Ga; Dominance of Iron/Sulfur Buffering
- 2.8. Evolving Mineral outputs from the Ocean: Further Evidence for Redox Chemistry before 0.54 Ga
- 2.8.1. Banded Iron Formations and the State of Iron in Solution
- 2.8.2. Uranium and Thorium Minerals
- 2.9. Quantitative Analysis of Oxidation Conditions
- 2.10. Geochemical Changes of Trace Elements
- 2.10.1. Rare Earth Probes of the Environment
- 2.10.2. Trace Transition Metals in the Sea
- 2.11. The Non-Uniform Sea
- 2.12. Summary of Weathering from 3.5 Ga to 0.75 Ga
- 2.12.1. Weathering and Chemical Conditions from 0.75 Ga
- 2.12.2. Changes in Major Non-Redox Mineral Elements in the Sea from 0.54 Ga
- 2.12.3. Carbon Isotopes
- 2.12.4. Oxygen Isotopes
- 2.13. Summary of Geological 'Inorganic' Chemistry Evolution
- 2.14. A Note: The Relationship between Metal Structures in Organisms, Minerals and Chemicals Models
- References
- Chapter 3. Organism Development from the Fossil Record and the Chemistry of the Nature of Biominerals
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. The Fossil Record
- 3.3. Extinctions
- 3.4. Types of Biominerals
- 3.5. The Chemistry of Biominerals: The Handling of Inorganic Elements
- 3.6. The Chemistry of Biominerals: Organic Components, Composites
- 3.7. Shape of Organisms and Biominerals and Genetics
- 3.8. Induced and Controlled Biomineralisation and Genetics
- 3.9. Molecular Fossils
- 3.10. Carbon and Carbon/Hydrogen Deposits
- 3.11. Sulfur Deposits
- 3.12. Conclusions
- 3.13. Note
- References
- Chapter 4. Cells: Their Basic Organic Chemistry and their Environment
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. The Proposed Beginnings of Life: Anaerobic Prokaryotes
- 4.2.1. Energy Transduction and use
- 4.3. Major Features of the Original Anaerobic Organic Chemistry
- 4.4. The Genome and the Proteome: Concentration Terms and Controls of Expression
- 4.4.1. Differences between Anaerobic Cell Types
- 4.5. Internal Structure of Prokaryotes and Production of New Proteins
- 4.5.1. Prokaryote Cell Walls and Membranes
- 4.6. The Essence of the Chemistry of Anaerobic Life
- 4.6.1. A Note on Prokaryote Diversity
- 4.7. Resources and the Coming of Oxygen: Micro-Aerobic and Aerobic Prokaryotes
- 4.8. The Single-Cell Eukaryotes
- 4.9. The Eukaryote Cell Nucleus
- 4.10. Filaments in Single-Cell Eukaryotes
- 4.11. Vesicles in Single-Cell Eukaryotes
- 4.12. Protection in Single-Cell Eukaryotes
- 4.13. Genetic Analysis of Unicellular Eukaryotes: Algae and Metazoans
- 4.14. Summary of the Evolution of Unicellular Eukaryotes
- 4.15. The Multicellular Eukaryotes
- 4.16. The Evolution of the Divisions in Space in Multicellular Organisms
- 4.17. Control of Growth and Shapes
- 4.18. Building Larger Structures: Internal and Extracellular Tissue Proteins
- 4.19. The Evolution of Biominerals and their Associated Structures
- 4.20. Extracellular Fluids
- 4.21. Signalling with Organic Molecules and Electrolytic Gradients in Multicellular Eukaryotes
- 4.22. Genetic Analysis of Multicellular Animals
- 4.23. Loss of Genes and Organism Collaboration: Internal and External Symbiosis
- 4.24. Summary of the Distinctive Features of Biological Organic Chemistry
- References
- Chapter 5. Other Major Elements in Organism Evolution
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Phosphorus in Cells
- 5.3. Sulfur in Cells
- 5.4. An Introduction to Magnesium, Calcium and Silicon Chemistry in Organisms
- 5.5. Magnesium in Cells
- 5.6. Calcium in Organisms
- 5.7. Introduction to Signalling
- 5.7.1. Detailed Calcium Protein Signalling and its Evolution in Eukaryotes
- 5.7.2. Weaker Binding Sites in Vesicles
- 5.8. Sodium/Potassium Messages
- 5.9. The Evolution of Biominerals
- 5.10. Calcium and Phosphates: Apatite
- 5.11. Silica
- 5.12. The Nature of the Matrices Supporting Mineralisation: Summary
- 5.13. Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 6. Trace Elements in the Evolution of Organisms and the Ecosystem
- 6.1. Introduction
- Part A. The Chemistry of the Trace Elements
- 6.2. The Availability of the Trace Elements
- 6.3. The Principles of Binding and Transfer of Trace Elements in Cells
- 6.4. The Importance of Quantitative Binding Strengths and Exchange in Cells
- 6.5. Examples of the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Limitations on Uptake of Metal Ions
- Part B. The Evolution of the Metalloproteins, the Metallosomes and their Functional Value
- 6.6. Introduction
- 6.7. The Evolution of the Metalloproteins of Prokaryotes
- 6.8. The Evolution of the Metalloproteins of Eukaryotes
- 6.9. Survey of the Evolving uses of Trace Elements
- 6.10. Effects of Metal Ion Limitations and Excesses on Growth
- 6.11. The Value of Zinc and Cadmium: 'Carbonic Anhydrases'
- 6.12. The Special Case of Two Non-Metals: Selenium and Iodine
- 6.13. Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 7. The Amalgamation of the Chemical and the Genetic Approaches to Evolution
- Part A. A Summary of the Chemical Approach
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. The Reasons for the Conditions of Earth Before Life Began and its Evolution: Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Kinetic Limitations
- 7.3. The Reasons for the Evolution of Organic Chemistry before Life Began: Kinetic and Energy Controls
- 7.4. The Direct and Indirect, Deduced, Evidence for Evolution of the System: Environment and Organisms
- 7.5. Anaerobic Cellular Chemistry to 3.0 Ga
- 7.6. The Oxidation of the System
- 7.7. Summary of the Evolution of the Oxidative Chemistry of the Elements
- 7.8. Summary of Why the Chemistry of the Environment/Organism System Arose and Evolved
- 7.9. Added Note on a Novel Genetic Analysis Related to Chemical Development
- Part B. The Connections Between the Chemical, the Biological and the Genetic Approaches to Evolution
- 7.10. The Nature of Genes: Gains and Losses of Genes and Inheritance
- 7.11. DNA Gene Duplication: A Possible Resolution of the Problem of Gene/Environment Interaction
- 7.12. Epigenetics and the Mechanism of Duplication
- 7.13. The Definition of Species and Symbiosis
- Part C. Concluding Perspectives
- 7.14. Final Summary of Chemical Evolution with Reproduction
- 7.15. The Chemical System and Mankind Today and its Future
- 7.16. A Note on Gaia
- References
- Subject Index
