Vagueness, gradability and typicality : the interpretation of adjectives and nouns /
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| Author / Creator: | Sassoon, Galit W. |
|---|---|
| Imprint: | Lieden : Brill, 2013. |
| Description: | 1 online resource (x, 432 p.) : ill. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Current research in the semantics/pragmatics interface ; v. 27 Current research in the semantics/pragmatics interface ; v. 27. |
| Subject: | |
| Format: | E-Resource Book |
| URL for this record: | http://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/9347047 |
Table of Contents:
- Acknowledgments
- Tables and Figures
- Part I. Data and Theories, an Overview
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Basic Notions and Goals
- 1.2. Chapter 2: Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality: Two Sets of Facts
- 1.3. Chapter 3: The Linguistic Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality
- 1.4. Chapter 4: The Psychological Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality
- 1.5. Part 2: The New Proposal
- 1.5.1. Chapters 5-6: Partial Information about Graded Structures
- 1.5.2. Chapter 7: A Typology of Predicates by the Type of Their Degree Function
- 1.5.3. Chapter 8: The Connections between Vagueness and Gradability
- 1.5.4. Chapter 9: Polarity Effects
- 1.5.5. Chapter 10: Conclusions and Beyond
- 2. The Linguistic and Psychological Perspectives
- 2.1. The Linguistic Data
- 2.1.1. Vagueness
- 2.1.2. Gradability
- 2.1.3. Positive versus Negative Predicates: Polarity Effects
- 2.2. The Psychological Data
- 2.2.1. Vagueness in Nouns
- 2.2.2. Entity Orderings in Nouns
- 2.2.3. Dimensions in Nouns
- 2.2.4. Typicality and Denotation Membership
- 2.2.5. Typicality and Learning
- 2.2.6. The Productive Nature of Typicality Effects
- 2.3. Intermediate Conclusions and One Last Piece of Data
- 3. An Overview of Linguistic Theories
- 3.1. The Representation of Vagueness
- 3.2. The Analysis of Gradability
- 3.2.1. The Connection between Vagueness and Gradability
- 3.2.2. The Nature of the Degrees: The Ordinal Scale versus Interval Scale Controversy
- 3.2.3. Polarity
- 3.3. Typicality in Linguistic Theories
- 3.3.1. Background: Multi-Valued Semantics
- 3.3.2. Supermodel Theory: Kamp and Partee (1995)
- 3.3.3. Problems with Supermodel Theory
- 4. An Overview of Psychological Theories
- 4.1. Prototype Theory
- 4.1.1. Dimension Sets, Mean Distance and Similarity
- 4.1.2. Standard-Based Categorization
- 4.1.3. Contrast-Based Categorization
- 4.1.4. The Main Problem of Prototype Models: Linear Separability
- 4.2. Exemplar Theory
- 4.2.1. Exemplar-Based Similarity
- 4.2.2. The Results of Exemplar Extension
- 4.2.3. The Disadvantage of Eliminating Summary Representations
- 4.2.4. Are Exemplar-Based and Prototype-Based Predictions Inconsistent?
- 4.3. Objections to Truth Conditional Theories
- 4.3.1. The Conjunction and Sub-Type Effects and Failures of Intersection Inferences
- 4.3.2. A Composite-Prototype Representation
- 4.3.3. Constituent-Based Predictions
- 4.4. The Representation of Information about Prototypes
- 4.4.1. The Probabilistic Criterion
- 4.4.2. The Knowledge Criterion
- 4.5. Apparent Dissociations between Judgments of Typicality and Membership Likelihood
- 4.6. Conclusions
- Part II. A Comprehensive Semantic Analysis
- 5. Information Structure with Degrees and Dimensions
- 5.1. Modeling Partial Information about Degrees and Dimensions
- 5.2. The Inhabitants of Vagueness Models: Representing Vagueness and Ignorance
- 5.3. Numerical Degree Functions
- 5.4. Negative Predicates: The Quantity Metaphor and Transformation Values
- 5.5. Dimensions and Dimension Sets
- 5.6. Nouns, Adjectives, and More
- 5.7. The Degree Function of Multidimensional Adjectives
- 6. Partial Information about Gradability and Typicality
- 6.1. The Syntax of the Language
- 6.2. Vagueness Models with Degree Functions
- 6.2.1. A Degree Ontology: D and D f
- 6.2.2. The Context Structure: C, ≤, c 0 , and T
- 6.2.3. The Extension Assigning Function Extension
- 6.2.4. The Set of Assignment Functions G
- 6.2.5. Semantic Values Relative to a Context t in T and an Assignment g in G
- 6.2.6. Supersemantic Values Relative to a Context c in C and an Assignment g in G
- 6.2.7. The Additional Elements in the Interpretation of Predicates, I
- 6.2.8. The Superelements of the Interpretation of Predicates, I, Relative to c and g
- 7. A Degree-Function Based Typology of Predicates
- 7.1. Standard-Based Categorization
- 7.2. Membership Standards as Domain-Based
- 7.2.1. The Connections between Standards and Domains
- 7.2.2. Domain-Dependent Standards of Absolute Predicates
- 7.2.3. The Standards of Nominal Concepts
- 7.3. Negative versus Positive Adjectives
- 7.4. Nominal Concepts: A Prototype Theory
- 7.4.1. Nominal Concepts Are Similarity-Based
- 7.4.2. The Representation of Partial and Context-Dependent Information about Prototypes
- 7.4.3. A Psychologically Realistic Representation of the Nominal Intension
- 7.4.4. The Felicity of Nominal Concepts in Between-Predicate Comparisons
- 7.4.5. The Dimension Reading of Typical
- 7.5. Multidimensional Adjectives and Distance Predicates
- 7.5.1. Rules versus Similarity-Based Categorization Criteria
- 7.5.2. The Interpretation of Distance Predicates
- 7.5.3. The Differences between Nominal and Adjectival Concepts
- 7.5.4. The Double Nature of Negative Antonymy
- 7.5.5. Evidence From Exception Phrases and Degree Modifiers
- 7.5.6. Dimension Accessibility: The Licensing of with Respect to Phrases
- 7.5.7. The Licensing of Comparative Morphemes
- 7.5.8. Languages with a Closed Set of Adjectives (and Rule-Based Verbs)
- 7.6. Intermediate Conclusions
- 8. The Learning Principle and Complex Concepts
- 8.1. An Ordering Principle Based on Vagueness Resolution (Order of Learning)
- 8.2. Typicality is Tightly Coupled with Learning Order
- 8.3. Acquisition of Predicate Interpretation Based on Entities Acquired Early
- 8.4. Classification of Typical Entities by Inference
- 8.5. Familiarity Effects
- 8.6. Typicality and Proper Names: First Impression Effects
- 8.7. Complex Concepts
- 8.7.1. Negated Predicates
- 8.7.2. Conjunction Effects and Fallacies
- 8.7.3. Emergent Dimensions and Inheritance Failures
- 8.7.4. The Ordering in Conjunctive Predicates, Compositionality and Its Limits
- 8.8. Intermediate Conclusions
- 8.9. Exemplars, Kinds, Typicality, and Genericity: Suggestions for Future Research
- 8.9.1. Exemplar Effects
- 8.9.2. Typicality and Genericity
- 9. The Meaning and Distribution of Gradability Morphemes
- 9.1. Dimensional Polarity
- 9.2. A Typology of Predicates by Their Transformation Values and Additive Functions
- 9.2.1. Ratio versus Interval Predicates
- 9.2.2. Interval versus Ordinal Predicates
- 9.3. Unit Names and Numerical Degree Predicates
- 9.3.1. An Analysis Based on Measurement Theory
- 9.3.2. Direct Consequences: Unit Names and Numerical Degree Relations in Polar Antonyms
- 9.3.3. Between-Predicate Comparisons in Predicates with Conventional Unit Names
- 9.3.4. Celsius
- 9.3.5. Predicates That Can Never Occur with Numerical Degree Predicates
- 9.3.6. Numerical Degree Predicates in Argument Position
- 9.3.7. Complex Numerical Degree Relations
- 9.4. Clausal Comparatives
- 9.4.1. A Supremum Theory without Including a Supremum in the Interpretation of Predicates
- 9.4.2. Clausal Comparisons with Negative Predicates
- 9.4.3. Cross-Polar Anomalies and Nomalies
- 9.5. The Distribution of Difference and Ratio Modifiers
- 9.5.1. The Distribution of Ratio Modifiers
- 9.5.2. The Distribution of Difference Modifiers
- 10. General Conclusions
- 10.1. Summary of Main Points
- 10.2. This Model and Beyond
- 10.2.1. Absolute Predicates-New Developments
- 10.2.2. Ontological Primitives: Degrees or Entity Sets?
- 10.2.3. Measurement Theory in Linguistics
- 10.2.4. Learning Orders and Beyond: Tolerance Inferences and Semi-Orders
- Appendix
- 1. Proofs of Compositionality of Sets of Necessary Conditions (cf., Chapter 7)
- 2. Sample of Proofs of the Predictions of the Learning Principle (cf., Chapter 8, cf. (21))
- References
- Index