| Summary: | Competition authorities are known for imposing enormous fines on companies that have infringed the law. However, most authorities are equally active in educating, deliberating, influencing or preventing, to which end they have different enforcement instruments at their disposal. Imposing a fine through a fully adversarial procedure can be characterised as formal, based on a vertical relationship between companies and competition authorities, deterrence-based, punitive, reactive and case-specific. Alternative enforcement entails a deviation from command-and-control style enforcement by using enforcement instruments and it can be characterised as informal, horizontal, compliance-based, restorative, preventative or efficient, or a combination of one or more of the above. This research analyses and compares the use of certain alternative enforcement instruments by the Dutch Autoriteit Consument en Markt, the UK Competition and Markets Authority and the French Autorite de la Concurrence and is an interesting work for both academics and practitioners in the field of competition law and enforcement.
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